Designing a Conceptual Model of Entrepreneurial Competencies of Entrepreneurial Universities’ Graduates
Subject Areas : Entrepreneurship and Mnagement of Knowledge-based Firms
Mahtab
Pouratashi
1
Morteza
Parhizkar
2
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Competency Graduate, Entrepreneurial Universities Education Conceptual Model,
Abstract :
Nowadays, entrepreneurship and the related issues receive special attention in higher education. It is expected that after few years of study at university, the graduates have significant difference with people with no academic learning experience. Since it is essential to develop entrepreneurial competencies for leading people toward entrepreneurship, it is necessary to recognize and assess entrepreneurial competencies of entrepreneurial universities’ graduates. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to design a conceptual model of entrepreneurial competencies of entrepreneurial universities’ graduates. Entrepreneurial competencies can be studied on the basis of the following cases: components of entrepreneurial competencies, antecedents of entrepreneurial competencies, and outcome of entrepreneurial competencies. According to the results, entrepreneurial competencies are classified in six clusters including: personal and cognitive competence, communication competency, leadership and teamwork competencies, business creation and management competence, economic and marketing competence, and research competence. The mission of university as antecedents to competencies was categorized in three groups including: education, research, and support. Entrepreneurial intention was considered as outcome of entrepreneurial competencies. Finally and with regard to the aforementioned components, a conceptual model of entrepreneurial competencies of graduates, with antecedents and outcome was presented.
1- فولادی، مهران؛ و باغبانی، حمزه. بررسی تأثیر خودکارامدی کارآفرینانه بر تقویت کارآفرینی دانشجویان. مطالعه موردی دانشجویان پیام‌نور شهرستان بیجار. فصلنامه رشد فناوری، 1393. سال دهم، شماره 39، ص 36-29.
2- یداللهی فارسی، جهانگیر. نقش جدید دانشگاه‌ها: توسعه قابلیت‌های کارآفرینی. مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش اشتغال و نظام آموزش عالی کشور. تهران، اردیبهشت 1384.
3- منفرد، نوذر، رضایی‌مقدم، کوروش. و آبخیز، زینب. نگرش دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز نسبت به ایجاد دانشکده کارآفرین. نشریه کارآفرینی در کشاورزی، 1394؛ شماره دوم، ص 65-47.
4- تاری، مهدیه؛ مرادی، محمود؛ و ابراهیم‌پور، مصطفی. بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر رشد و موفقیت شرکت‌های دانش‌بنیان. فصلنامه رشد فناوری، 1394، سال دوازدهم، شماره 45، ص 44-36.
5- حسنقلی‌پور، حکیمه، قلی‌پور، آرین و روشندل اربطانی، طاهر. موانع تجاری‌سازی دانش در کارآفرینی دانشگاهی. توسعه کارآفرینی، 1390؛ سال چهارم، شماره چهاردهم، ص 183-165.
6- عزیزی، نعمت‌الله. و پارسا، سیداحمد. آسیب‌شناسی ناکارآمدی تحقیقات در حوزه علوم انسانی: بررسی راه‌های بهبود عملکرد پژوهشی اعضای هیأت‌علمی در علوم انسانی. اولین همایش بین‌المللی مدیریت، آینده‌نگری، کارآفرینی و صنعت در آموزش عالی. 1390، کردستان. اردیبهشت 1390
7- دیانتی، محمد و عرفانی، مریم. شایستگی؛ مفاهیم و کاربردها. تدبیر، 1388؛ شماره 206، تیرماه، صص 19-14.
8- زعفرانیان، رضا؛ مجاب، فرناز؛ و شهریاری، ایلوش. مهارت‌آموزی دانشجویان فناوری اطلاعات در بازارکار با رویکرد شایستگی‌ها. خلاصه مقالات نخستین همایش مهارت‌آموزی و اشتغال در ایران. 1391؛ تهران: سازمان آموزش فنی و حرفه‌ای کشور.
9- علیپور، ح. بررسی میزان گرایش و روحیه کارآفرینی دانشجویان رشته کشاورزی شهرستان شیراز. فصلنامه پژوهش مدیریت آموزش کشاورزی، 1391؛ شماره 23، ص 46-33.
10- کردنائیچ، اسدالله. دانشگاه کارآفرین و نقش آن در ایجاد اشتغال. مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش اشتغال نظام آموزش کشور. 1384؛ تهران: دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
11- تقی‌زاده، هوشنگ و محمدپور شاطری، مهرداد. شناسایی وظایف و مأموریت‌های دانشگاه کارآفرین. علوم تربیتی، 1387؛ سال اول، شماره دوم، ص 67-41.
12- شاهرخی ساردو، صالح؛ پدرام، پیمان؛ ظریفیان، شاپور؛ و فکرت، فرناز. نقش مؤلفه‌های دانش سه‌گانه بر نیت کارآفرینانه دانشجویان رشته‌های کشاورزی دانشگاه جیرفت. فصلنامه پژوهش مدیریت آموزش کشاورزی، 1393؛ شماره 31، زمستان 93، ص 105-94.
13- شهبازی، اسماعیل و علی‌بیگی، امیرحسین. واکاوی شایستگی‌های دانش‌آموختگان کشاورزی برای ورود به بازارکار در کشاورزی. مجله علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، 1385؛ 1(2)، 23-15
14- امینی، محمد، تمنایی‌فر، محمدرضا. و غلامی علوی، صدیقه. ارزیابی قابلیت‌های کارآفرینی دختران دانشجو. فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی زن و جامعه، 1391؛ سال سوم، شماره چهارم.
15- Boore, J. and Porter, S. Education for entrepreneurship in nursing. Nurse Education Today, 2011, 31(2), 184-91.
16- Hegarty, C., and Jones, C. Graduate entrepreneurship: More than child's play. Education and Training, 2008; 50(7), 626–637
17- Taormina. R. J. and Lao. S. K. Measuring Chinese entrepreneurial motivation personality and environmental influences. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 2007; 13(4), 200–221.
18- Erkena H, Donselaarb P, Thurikc R. Total factor productivity and the role of entrepreneurship. Papers published in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Journal. 2014.
19- Halis, M. Kırgızistanda Üniversite Adaylarının Kariyer Güdüleri Ve Değerleri Ilişkisi: Bir Araştırma. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2013; Sayı 34.
20- Jacob, M., Lundqvist, M. and Hellsmark, H. Entrepreneurial transformations in the Swedish University system: the case of Chalmers University of Technology. Research Policy, 2003; 32: 1555–68
21- Guerrero, M. and Urbano, D. The development of an entrepreneurial university. Journal of Technology Transfer, 2010; Springer, pp.1-32.
22- Gibb, A. Training the trainers of small business. Journal of European Industrial Training, 1990; 14, 17-25.
23- The consortium for the entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Competency Model. 2010; available at http://www.careeronestop.org/competencymodel/competency-models/entrepreneurship.aspx
24- Davis, P., Naughton, J., and Rothwell, W. New roles and new competencies for the profession. Training and Development, 2004; 58(4), 26-37
25- Stoof, A. Tools for the identification and description of competencies. Thesis Dissertation, Open University of Nederland. 2005.
26- Barlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. The myth of the generic manager: New personal competencies for new management roles. California Management Review, 1997; 40 (1), 92-116.
27- Muzychenko, O. and Saee, J. Cross cultural professional competence in higher education, Journal of Management Systems, 2004; 16(4), 1-19.
28- Man, T.W.Y. and Lau, T. Entrepreneurial competencies of SME owner/managers in the Hong Kong sector: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Entreprising Culture, 2005; 8, 235-254.
29- Mitchelmore, S., and Rowley, J. Entrepreneurial competencies: a literature review and development agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 2010; 16(2), 92–111.
30- McClelland, D. C. Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 1987; 21, 219–233.
31- David, Z., and Edward, B. Personal characteristics and strategic orientation: entrepreneurs in Canadian manufacturing companies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 2011; 17(1), 82–103.
32- Pofeldt, E. The 10 qualities of highly successful entrepreneurs. Forbes. 2014.
33- Mitchelmore, S., and Rowley, J. Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 2013; 20(1), 125–142.
34- Kiggundy, M.N. Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Africa: What is known and what needs to be done. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 2002; 7(3), 239-258.
35- Man, Thomas W.Y., Theresa Lau. and K.F. Chan. The competitiveness of small and medium enterprises a conceptualization with focus on entrepreneurial competencies. Journal of Business Venturing, 2002; 17, 123–142.
36- Lau, T., K.F. Chan and Man, T.W.Y. Entrepreneurial and Managerial Competencies: Small Business Owner-Managers in Hong Kong. In P. Fosh, W. Chan, E. Snape and R. Westwood (eds.), Hong Kong Management and Labour: Change and Continuity. London: Routledge. 1999.
37- Inyang, B. J. and Enuoh, R.O. Entrepreneurship Competencies: The missing links to successful entrepreneurship in Nigeria, International Business Research, 2009; 2(2): 62-71
38- Boyd, D. What an innovative culture looks like. 2016. Retrieved from http://www.innovationinpractice.com
39- Prats, M.J., et al. Beyond Business Instinct. Estudios y Ediciones IESE, IESE, Insight. Issue 1. Second quarter 2009.
40- Driessen, M. E-Scan Ondernemerstest: beoordeling en ontwikkeling van ondernemers competenties, PhD-thesis, Entrepreneur Consultancy, Gravenland. 2005.
41- Smith, G., and Shankar, A. Empowered entrepreneur training handbook, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. 2015. Retrieved from: http://cleancookstoves.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/342-1.pdf
42- Sugars, B. 12 Essential characteristics of an entrepreneur. 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.actioncoach.com/_downloads/whitepaper-FranchiseRep5.pdf
43- Ronstadt, R. The educated entrepreneurs: A new era of entrepreneurial education is beginning. American Journal of Small Business, 1987; 11(4), 37-53.
44- Galloway, L. Enterprise skills for the economy. Education and training, 2005; 47(1), 7-17.
45- Bird, B. Learning entrepreneurship competencies: The self-directed learning approach. International. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 2002; 1, 203-227.
46- Onstenk, J. Entrepreneurship and Vocational Education. European Educational Research Journal, 2003; 2(1): 74-89.
47- Huck, J.F. Competencies Needed for Small Business Success: Perceptions of Jamaican Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 1991; 29(4), pp.90-94.
48- Ezeani, N.S. The teacher and skills acquisition at business education: from the perspective of accounting skills. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2012; 2(4), 25-36.
49- Olawolu, O.E. and Kaegon, L.E.S. Entrepreneurship Education as tool for Youth Empowerment through Higher Education for global workplace in Rivers. A paper presented at the Seventh Regional Conference on Higher Education for a Globalized world organized by the Higher Education Research and Policy Network (HERPNET): holding at the University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria between the 17th to 21st September, 2012.
50- Brown, C. Entrepreneurial education Teaching Guide. Kansas City. MO: Kauffman. 2000.
51- Fashua, K.O. Enterpreneurship Theory, Strategies and Practice. Abuja Bee. 2006.
52- Solomon, G.T., et al. The State of Entrepreneurship Education in the United States: A Nationwide Survey and Analysis. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 2002; 1(1): 65-86.
53- Alberti, F., Sciascia, S., and Poli, A. Entrepreneurship Education: Notes on an ongoing debate. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Int. Ent Conference. University of Napoli Federico II, Italy. 4-7 July. 2004.
54- Raposo, M. and Paco, A. Entrepreneurship education: Relationship between education and entrepreneurial activity. Psicothema, 2011; 23(3), 453-457.
55- Stumpf, S.S., dunbar, R.L.M. and Mullen, T.P. Developing Entrepreneurial Skills through the Use of Behavioural Simulations. Journal of Management Development, 1991; 10(5), 32-45.
56- Garzón, D. A comparison of personal entrepreneurial competences between entrepreneurs and CEOs in service sector. Service Business, 2010; 4 (3‐4), 289‐303.
57- Bird, B. Towards a Theory of Entrepreneurial Competency. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 1995; 2, 51-72.
58- Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G. and Crick, A. Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers?, Journal of Business Venturing, 1998; 13(4), 295-316.
59- Dermol, V. Development of entrepreneurial competences. International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies, 2010; 3(1).
60- Phelan, C., and Sharpley, R. Exploring entrepreneurial skills and competencies in farm tourism. Local Economy, 2012; 27(2), 103-118.
61- Hmieleski, K. M., and Corbett, A. C. Proclivity for improvisation as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 2006; 44(1), 45-63.
62- Choo, S., and Wong, M. Entrepreneurial intention: triggers and barriers to new venture creations in Singapore. Singapore Management Review, 2009; 28(2): 47-64
63- Thompson, E. R. Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 2009; 33(3), 669-694.
64- Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., Van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., and Van Gils, A. Explaining Entrepreneurial Intentions by Means of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Career Development International, 2008; 13(6), 538-559.
65- Peng, Zh., Lu, G., and Kang, H. Entrepreneurial Intentions and Its Influencing Factors: A Survey of the University Students in Xi’an China. Creative Education, 2012; 3, Supplement, 95-100.
66- Segal, G., Borgia, D., and Schoenfeld, J. The Motivation to Become an Entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 2005; 11(1), 42-57.
67- de Pillis, E.G., and Reardon, K.K. The Influence of Personality Traits and Persuasive Messages on Entrepreneurial Intention: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. Career Development International, 2007; 12(4), 382-396.
68- Douglas, E., and Shepherd, D. Self-Employment as a Career Choice: Attitudes, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Utility Maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 2001; 26(3), 81–90.
69- Kuratko, D.F., Hornsby, J.S., and Naffziger, D.W. An Examination of Owner’s Goals in Sustaining Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 1997; 35(1), 24–33.
70- Peterman, N.E. and Kennedy, J. Enterprise education: influencing students’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 2003; 28, 129–144.
71- Sony, H.P. and Iman, S. Relationship between entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial competencies and venture success: empirical study on SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 2005; 5(5/6), 454-468.
72- Mulder, M., Gulikers, J., Biemans. H. and Wesselink, R. The new competence concept in higher education;errpr or enrichment? [Research paper]. Journnal of European Industrial Training, 2009; 33(8/9), 755770.