Identifying the Factors Affecting Technological Learning in Developing Countries
Subject Areas : Technology Development Infrastructures and Supporting organizationsAbstract :
Technological learning is defined as an endogenous way of generating technological capabilities in developing countries, reflecting the ability of an organization to effectively use, absorb and adapt external technologies, and develop new technologies over time, responding to environmental changes. Three important features of technological learning include gradual technological change, international diffusion of technology and local technological endeavors. In this research, the factors influencing technological learning have been identified. According to studies, two main components, including technological capability (absorption capacity) and catch up strategy have been introduced as key components. Then, by analyzing the components, the main factors of each have been identified and modeled. Capabilities have been identified with a set of factors that are categorized as enterprise factors (including internal knowledge of employees, organizational strategies, and technological capabilities), national factors (including market conditions and competitive environment, culture and education, policies and regulations, and Technical infrastructure) and global factors (including fluidity, multiplicity of innovations, and complexity of technologies). The level of these capabilities will determine the catch up strategy. Understanding these factors helps to influence the speed and power of technological learning in firms and industries in developing countries. Considering the development of technological capabilities and absorption capacity at the level of enterprises with the aim of promoting the localization of technology, choosing the appropriate method for acquiring technology in order to encourage learning and acquiring new skills, as well as paying attention to the development of complementary capabilities will lead to the development of technological learning and the success of the technological plans in the country.
1- نريماني، ميثم و سيدجعفر حسيني، مباني نظري سياست‌گذاري علم، فناوري و نوآوري از نگاه مكاتب علم اقتصاد، فصلنامه سياست علم و فناوري، سال يازدهم، شماره 2، 1398.
2- ميري‌مقدم، مژده، سيدسپهر قاضي‌نوري، جعفر توفيقي و شعبان الهي، يادگيري فناورانه در صنعت نفت: مطالعه موردي فازهاي توسعه‌اي ميدان گازي پارس‌جنوبي، فصلنامه سياست علم و فناوري، سال هفتم، شماره 2، 1394.
3- شهرزاد، زروان، محسن حامدي، مهدي محمدي، همپايي دوسطحي در صنعت ساخت نيروگاه‌هاي حرارتي ايران، فصلنامه سياست علم و فناوري، سال نهم، شماره 1، 1396.
4- Lee T.J., Technological learning by national R&D: the case of Korea in CANDU-type nuclear fuel, Technovation 24, 287–297, 2004.
5- Kim, L., Building technological capability for industrialization: analytical frameworks and Korea’s experience. Industrial and Corporate Change 8 (1), 111–136, 1999.
6- Xie W., Technological learning in China’s color TV (CTV) industry, Technovation 24, 499–512, 2004.
7- Mazzoleni, R., Nelson R., Public research institutions and economic catch-up, Research Policy 36, 1512–1528, 2007.
8- Bell, M., Pavitt, K., Technological accumulation and industrial growth: contrasts between and developing countries. Industrial and Corporate Change 2 (2), 157–210, 1993.
9- Fransman, M., Technological capability in the Third World: an overview and introduction to some of the issues raised in this book. In: Fransman, M., King, K. (Eds.), Technological Capability in the Third World. Macmilllan Press, London, pp. 3–30, 1984.
10- Hobday, M., Innovation in East Asia: The Challenge to Japan. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham & Lyme, 1997.
11- Nelson, R.R., Innovation and economic development: theoretical retrospect and prospect. In: Katz, J.M.(Ed.), Technology Generation in Latin American Manufacturing industries. Macmillan Press. Hong Kong. Pp. 78-93, 1987.
12- Lee S., Park Y., Customization of technology roadmaps according to roadmapping purposes: overall process and detailed modules, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 72 (5), 567–583, 2005.
13- Schreiber R., Crooks D. and Stern P. N. , Qualitative meta-analysis. In J.M. Morse (ed.) completing a qualitative project: details and dialogue .Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997, pp-311 .326.
14- Chen J., Qu W.G., A new technological learning in China, Technovation 23, 861–867, 2003.
15- Kim, L. and Lee H., Patterns of Technological Change in a Rapidly Developing Country: A Synthesis, Technovation, 6 (1987) 2 61-27, 1987.
16- Kim L., Dahlman C.J., Technology policy for industrialization: An integrative framework and Korea’s experience, Research Policy, Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 437–452, 1992.
17- Hobday M. Cawson A., Ran Kim S., Governance of technology in the electronics industries of East and South-East Asia, Technovation 21, 209–226, 2001.
18- Hobday, M., Rush, H., & Bessant, J., Approaching the innovation frontier in Korea: The transition phase to leadership. Research policy, 33(10), 1433-1457, 2004.
19- Teece, D., Pisano, G., the dynamic capabilities of firms: an introduction. Industrial and Corporate Change 3 (3), 537–555, 1994.
20- Wignaraja, G, Innovation, learning, and exporting in China: Does R&D or a technology index matter?, Journal of Asian Economics 23, 224–233, 2012.
21- Fagerberg J., Srholec M., (2008), National innovation systems, capabilities and economic development, Research Policy 37, 1417–1435, 2008.
22- Fagerberg J. godinho M., innovation and catching-up, The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, chap 19, 2004.
23- Shin, J.-S., The Economics of the Latecomers: Catching-up. Technology Transfer and Institutions in Germany, Japan and South Korea, Routledge, London, 1996.
24- Abramovitz, M., ‘‘Catching Up, Forging Ahead, and Falling Behind,’’ Journal of Economic History 46: 386–406, 1986.
25- Mazzoleni, R., Nelson R., Public research institutions and economic catch-up, Research Policy 36, 1512–1528, 2007.
26- Figueiredo P.N., Beyond technological catch-up: An empirical investigation of further innovative capability accumulation outcomes in latecomer firms with evidence from Brazil, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management 31, 73–10274, 2014.