توسعه

Open Access Article

1 - Technological Absorption Capacity of the Iranian Economy
Behzad Salmani Firuz Fatahi Parviz Mohammadzade Akbar Anrajani Khosroshahi

It is widely acknowledged that relying solely on physical capital and labor as main sources of the economic growth would cause countries to lag behind others in the process of sustainable development, and the productivity improvement through technological advancements i More

It is widely acknowledged that relying solely on physical capital and labor as main sources of the economic growth would cause countries to lag behind others in the process of sustainable development, and the productivity improvement through technological advancements is the only way that ensures the continued economic growth. So, it is important to study the economy’s potential of technological innovations and capacity of technology absorption in order to allocate the scarce recourses efficiently. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the capacity of technology absorption in the Iranian Economy. To that end, using data from the Iranian economy over the period 1347-1390, the technological absorption capability hypothesis of Teixeira and Fortuna (2010) has been tested. According to this hypothesis, the existence of adequate human capital could help the economy to absorb the technological spillovers caused by FDI, importing capital goods, and the collaborations between countries. Furthermore, this hypothesis states that the higher is the R&D expenditures, the higher is the technological absorption capability. Using the co-integration method of Johansen and Juselius (1990), it is found that the existence of adequate human capital in Iran has enhanced the technological absorption capability of the Iranian economy. However, the R&D expenditures have no significant effect on the absorption capability of the Iranian economy. In sum, the Iranian economy can benefit from the technological spillovers because of its capabilities to absorb the new technologies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Pharmaceutical Industry’s R&D in Developing Countries Case Study: India
Seyede Sedighe Jalalpour Faranak Nadi

10.7508/jstpi.2015.02.005

Research and Development plays a key role in creating knowledge and technology, hence planning and investment in this area is too important for countries to keep their permanency of competitive advantages. For the time beingdeveloping countries from one side, aretypical More

Research and Development plays a key role in creating knowledge and technology, hence planning and investment in this area is too important for countries to keep their permanency of competitive advantages. For the time beingdeveloping countries from one side, aretypicallyimportinghigh technologyfromdeveloped countries, and from the other sidein recent years supply of domestic healthcareneeds faced with new barriers such as high costof drugs and the emergence of new international. Consequently the situation leads to formation and enabling of domestic R&D in Pharmaceutical industry. this paper have considered the situation of Pharmaceutical industry’s R&D in developing countries and then examined the related theories, Having in mind the India’s achievements in Pharmaceutical industry through adoption and implementation of appropriate R&D policies,. India's experiences in Pharmaceutical industry especially in bio technology looked over and finally the pass through manner of India from 1947 till now is presented in a suitable framework. The framework’s features consist of types of R&D, forms of innovation (product or process) and the time with in each period. It may used as guidance for R&D activities in Pharmaceutical industry in other developing countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The Role of Science and Technology Corridors in Knowledge-based Economy Development
Mahmod Sheykh Zeynaddin Hasan KIhakbaz Leyla Khodabandeh Mehdi Keshmiri

Today, there is an urgent need for a paradigm shift from capital economy to knowledge-based economy to achieve sustainable development. The Science and Technology Corridor (STC) as an infrastructure for the development of knowledge-based economy aims to provide an attra More

Today, there is an urgent need for a paradigm shift from capital economy to knowledge-based economy to achieve sustainable development. The Science and Technology Corridor (STC) as an infrastructure for the development of knowledge-based economy aims to provide an attractive environment for investors, firms, corporations, and knowledge-based institutions and citizens by creating incentives for the industry to move towards new technologies and high value-added businesses. These corridors are actually special areas which include various components such as universities and higher education institutions, research centers, science and technology parks, knowledge-based in different industries. Their main purpose is to form a technology cluster. In addition, high value-added services are provided by these corridors. The outputs of these areas will facilitate the process of innovation and convert knowledge into wealth. This paper elaborates the properties of knowledge-based economy, defining STCs and explaining Malaysia's Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) as a successful experience. Malaysia's MSC is a cluster of ICT companies, and its main purpose is to encourage innovation and development of new technologies by the companies. In addition, the potential of the Isfahan as a first experience in Iran for STC establishment and its capability to change the geography and the local economy of the Isfahan from an industrial region into a knowledge-based region will be explained. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Role of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in the Development of Economic Activities in Malaysia
Saeed KiyanPour Roya Tolaei

In The world's most developed countries, policies to support small and medium enterprises in order to increase growth, income generating employment and reducing poverty in the forefront of economic or social - are governments’ important priorities. Essential characteris More

In The world's most developed countries, policies to support small and medium enterprises in order to increase growth, income generating employment and reducing poverty in the forefront of economic or social - are governments’ important priorities. Essential characteristics of small and medium enterprises, including flexibility in face with market changes, rapid attainment of the activities, initiatives and high motivation of staffs and limited initial capital requirements, have caused growth, innovation and economic dynamism in transition economies of the firms. This study aimed to identify small and medium sized manufacturing firms with rapid growth, and determine their contribution to the Malaysian economy. Malaysia's Vision 2020 has planned development policies through enterprise and small business enhancement. These companies play a significant role in the economic breakthrough of Malaysia. These companies have allocated 93.8% of the operating companies in the industrial sector, 27.3% of total manufacturing production, 25.8% of value-added in production, 27.6% of the fixed assets and 38.9% of the employees of the country. Evidences suggest that these companies have major contribution in national economic development in Malaysia. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Enhancing Transfer Capacity and Capability of Commercializing Technological Achievements of Research and Technology Organizations by Establishing Business Development Centers
Reza Bandarian

The goal of conducting researches in Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) is for technological innovation to create new business opportunities, renovation or revolutionizing existing businesses. To do this, RTOs put the technological ideas in the path of technol More

The goal of conducting researches in Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs) is for technological innovation to create new business opportunities, renovation or revolutionizing existing businesses. To do this, RTOs put the technological ideas in the path of technology development and commercialization. To move in this way successfully, the balanced and consistent "scientific-technical" as well as "commercial movement of technological ideas is required. One of the best patterns to balance the commercial evolution with the "scientific-technical" path, which are seen in successful and leading RTOs around the world is establishing "technological business development center". The mission of business development centers in RTOs is to implement the commercialization requirements in the process of technology development and provide consultancy and technical, economic and commercial assistance, regarding their technological achievements to those currently entering the commercialization phase. These services include the fundamental principles of business development based on their technological achievements of their organization and for their potential and current customers. This article first points out the necessity and importance of the technological business development center in RTOs and then presents the definition and functions of those centers in RTOs. Finally ends with conclusion Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Proposing Conceptual Framework for Measuring Structural Capital in University
Alireza Ghezel Majid Ramezan Mohammad reza Zahedi

In a knowledge-based economy, products and companies live and die on information and the most successful companies are the ones who use their intangible assets better and faster. Organizations are aware that knowledge is their most valuable and strategic resource in the More

In a knowledge-based economy, products and companies live and die on information and the most successful companies are the ones who use their intangible assets better and faster. Organizations are aware that knowledge is their most valuable and strategic resource in the present business environment. Knowledge management and intellectual capital approaches have become critical for universities, mainly due to the fact that universities’ main goals are the production and knowledge dissemination. Managers know they have to manage the process of learning and measure its outcomes and knowledge-based organizational resources, if they want to be competitive. Intellectual capital (IC) is a new approach which helps us face with barriers and problems of higher education system. It is the key successful element for knowledge-based organizations such as universities-. The managers of universities have to identify their IC, measure and manipulate it effectively. However, in the past few years, the problem of quantifying and accounting the value and explaining the components of the organization’s intellectual capital it has been questioned. Thus, this research tries to present indicators to measure structural capital (as one of the main parts of intellectual capital) by reviewing different frameworks in this field. At the end, we identified three Dimensions including Infrastructural Capital, Research and Development Capital, Knowledge Infrastructural Capital, using eight components and 50 indicators to measure these parameters. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Investigation Effects of Science and Technology Park on Economic Development
Ramezanali Shourmij Mahsa Asadi

Different researches have emphasized the role of science and Technology Parks in regional development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scientific and technological town on local economic development. The paradigm of this research is quantitative a More

Different researches have emphasized the role of science and Technology Parks in regional development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of scientific and technological town on local economic development. The paradigm of this research is quantitative and our objective is practical implemented by correlation method. Statistical population of survey contains all companies in Isfahan STP and 75 companies were estimated as the sample size using Cochran formula and the samples were selected randomly. The main tool of research was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and reliability of research confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.85). The results showed that the most important the effect of STP on local economic development is the development of marketing services and improving economic situation of the company, the increased level of service is another effect. The exploratory factor analysis was utilized in the classification of effects and the results showed that five factors are accounted for 58/37%of features and the effects of STP. These effects include the production-market (31/02%), capital investments (7/49%), service (7/29%), education-counseling (7/11%), and communication (5/35%). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Investigation about Financing in Entrepreneurial Projects
Hassanali Aghajani Mohsen Abbasgholi pour Mohadesse Fahimi Rad

Entrepreneurship is the stimulus engine of economic development, creating occupation and reforming society. Entrepreneurship is a process to create an employment and make profit from valuable combination of sources. Entrepreneur is a person who commits to run and accept More

Entrepreneurship is the stimulus engine of economic development, creating occupation and reforming society. Entrepreneurship is a process to create an employment and make profit from valuable combination of sources. Entrepreneur is a person who commits to run and accepts the risks of economic activity. Entrepreneurs undertake an important role in the movement of economic development cycles and are considered as the source of huge breakthroughs in industrial, productive and service fields throughout organizations. Financing is, therefore, one of the most important challenges or business obstacles faced by entrepreneurs. The purpose of this research is to study the quadruplet methods of financing entrepreneurial projects in Mazandaran province. Statistical society consists of 141 entrepreneurs with 110 persons selected as a sample. Then by collecting the required data and using a questionnaire with standard components and reliability coefficient of 79%, the quadruplet hypotheses have been tested. The findings have shown that all four methods of financial supply have been considered by the entrepreneurs, each of them with their special intensity and weakness. From this point of view the personal capital has been in the first priority and the methods of loan, shares, and internal sources in the subsequent priorities. In addition, the entrepreneurs studied have less knowledge of the different and various methods of financial supply and have considered only the methods that have been common in our society and use all of them generally. Finally it has been concluded that it is necessary to carry out some innovations in this respect and other methods of financial methods should be applied. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Comparative Study of the Effect of Innovation on Income Inequality
Abolfazll Shahabadi Sara Sarygol

In recent decades, the reduction of income inequality should be considered as the strategy of the major objectives of economic and social development and even the government. Therefore, analysis of income distribution and distributional effects of policies in order to i More

In recent decades, the reduction of income inequality should be considered as the strategy of the major objectives of economic and social development and even the government. Therefore, analysis of income distribution and distributional effects of policies in order to increase economic growth has gained importance. On the other hand, the ability to achieve creative innovation using human resources as the first step is to convert knowledge into wealth. So, considering the critical importance of innovation in modern economies, the present study investigated the role of innovation on income inequality of OPEC countries and selected the OECD developed countries during the period 1995-2009. The results suggest that the status of OPEC countries compared to OECD countries in both the Gini index as well as innovation is weak and undesirable, due to the lack of coordination between macro-economic policies from one side and research and educational policies form other side. Also based on the results, most countries with better support for innovative activities have shown better income distribution. Thus, the movement of countries with economy and capital resources oriention towards knowledge-based economy, innovative activities support and reduce income inequality are essential orientations for macro-economic policies along with research and educational policies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurship in Business
Ayatollah Momayezz Seyed Atefe Ghasemi Seyed fatemeh Ghasemi

Entrepreneurship is one of the fundamental measures of development in each country, thus, it is considered as the engine of economic development in countries. Experiences of countries enjoying high growth of gross domestic income (GDI) indicate that leaders and managers More

Entrepreneurship is one of the fundamental measures of development in each country, thus, it is considered as the engine of economic development in countries. Experiences of countries enjoying high growth of gross domestic income (GDI) indicate that leaders and managers in these countries have realized the importance of entrepreneurship in countries development. Since women represent a large part of the population, entrepreneurship of this segment of society has a particular importance. Therefore, the measurement of women's participation in production is one of the important indicators to evaluate the progress of development in each country. Statistics shows that less than 10 percent of Iranian entrepreneurs are women. The aim of this study was to investigate factors that play a role in the development of women entrepreneurship. The research was based on questionnaire and interview and to ensure the reliability, the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha being valued for validity by views of scholars and professors. Statistical tests were utilized for data analysis and presentation. The results show despite holding dual roles of working women, they have positive feelings towards their activities. At the end recommendations and suggestion for the development of women's entrepreneurial activities are discussed in order to manifest the most important cultural change in society's attitude towards women's empowerment in economic activities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Iran in Comparison with other Outlook Countries in the Field of Entrepreneurial Growth
Saeed KiyanPour

Entrepreneurship is one of the most important and necessary strategies in developing and developed countries. But, the truth is that one of the fundamental steps for the development of entrepreneurship is its assessment. Entrepreneurship evaluation should be done based More

Entrepreneurship is one of the most important and necessary strategies in developing and developed countries. But, the truth is that one of the fundamental steps for the development of entrepreneurship is its assessment. Entrepreneurship evaluation should be done based on indexes and global standards so that not only provides a clear picture to the status of entrepreneurship at the national level, But also, provides the possibility of measuring and comparing to the other countries in the field of entrepreneurship development. More than 95percent of the world GDP formed by the Members of GEM. GEM Programs are evaluated based on three indicators: "perceptions and entrepreneurial tendencies," "entrepreneurial activities" and "entrepreneurial passion". Among the 67 countries, Iran is ranked 30th based on Toddler entrepreneurs’ index equals to 11 percent. This index has increasing trend in the past five years, and its value is much greater than the other countries in Middle East. Also the Index of Entrepreneurial Intent in Iran equals to 28/22%, and our country is in 35th place among 67 countries. The Opportunity-oriented entrepreneurship index has grown among other entrepreneurial activity index, (from 5.67% in 1390 to 6.24% in 1391). This means that mandatory Entrepreneurship has decreased. Also the understanding of entrepreneurial opportunities index has increased from 32% in 1390 to 39/2% in 1391. Finally, for fear index of failure, Iran is in 39th place among 67 countries that shows the Iranian low-risk tendency for starting a business. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Effects of the Knowledge-Based Economic Variables on
Rohollah Shahnazi

Knowledge based economies are more strongly dependent on the production, distribution and use of knowledge than ever before. Output and employment are expanding fastest in high-technology industries, such as computers, electronics and aerospace. High-tech refers to tech More

Knowledge based economies are more strongly dependent on the production, distribution and use of knowledge than ever before. Output and employment are expanding fastest in high-technology industries, such as computers, electronics and aerospace. High-tech refers to technology that is at the cutting edge and the most advanced technology available. High technology industries and services are central part of knowledge-based economy, and one of the main economic indicators for measure the knowledge in economic. In this paper, we introduce the principles and indicators of high-tech industries and analysis effect of the knowledge-based economy variables (ICT, R&D and Education expenditures) on their production. We have developed a model of high-tech industries production. This model has been estimated for 48 countries in 2000-2007 with using GLS Panel Data Approach. The results of the analysis show a positive and significant effect of ICT, R&D and education on high-tech industries .Elasticity calculation shows one percent increase in R&D will result 0.48 present increases in high-tech industrial production, Also one percent increase in ICT will result 0.68 present increases in high-tech industrial production and finally one percent increase in Education will result 0.29 percent increase on high-tech industrial production. So we require a lot of attention to R&D, ICT and Education in program and policy development of high tech industries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Effects of Technology Spillover Resulted from Foreign Direct Investment on the Industry Performance
Abolfazll Shahabadi Seyed Arash Valinia Zahra Ansari

According to many economists, since the multinational enterprises entering the host economy have relatively more modern technologies than domestic firms, developing countries can reduce their technological gap through FDI inflow channel. It should be noted that the tech More

According to many economists, since the multinational enterprises entering the host economy have relatively more modern technologies than domestic firms, developing countries can reduce their technological gap through FDI inflow channel. It should be noted that the technology spillover of foreign investors is a function of domestic capacity for absorbing these technological spillovers. Considering the determining role of industry sector in the world economy, the goal of present study is to investigate the spillover effects of foreign investment from technological perspective, on the performance of industry sector of Iran during 1995-2009 years, in form of development plans. The results of the study show that during the second development plan a considerable correlation did not exist among improving the human capital (as the absorption capacity criteria), absorbing the foreign investment, spillover effects, and the industry sector performance. While in the third development plan, the mentioned correlations were significant. The reasons for the above mentioned significant correlations are as follows: policy requirements of the third plan about improving the research and development in macro-level of the economy, passing new laws of protecting and spreading the foreign direct investment in 2002. It is worth noting that while the above mentioned correlations had improved during the fourth development plan compared to the second plan, it shows weaker performance in comparison with the third plan. As a result, it should be noted that the mentioned correlations in industry sector were not significant during 1995-2002 years. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Comparative Analogy about the Scale of Using of Effective Elements in Technology Transfer with the MCDM Procedure (Case Study: Steel Industry Corporations)
Sedigh Reisi Mahmood Mahdizadeh Hadi Heydari Ghare Bagh Mojtaba Pirhadi

Nowadays, Technology management is one of the most important tools to improve and develope production of goods and services. In recent years due to the accelerating in scientific progresses, many countries adopted technology transferring. This research comparatively st More

Nowadays, Technology management is one of the most important tools to improve and develope production of goods and services. In recent years due to the accelerating in scientific progresses, many countries adopted technology transferring. This research comparatively studies the usage of effective factors affecting technology transfer. Considering the results of key factors identified by technology transferr process and using the effective factors for the Iranian steel industry a model was proposed to evaluate the technology transfer process in the above mentioned industry.. This paper is conducted to determine the extension of technology transfer matching with the effective factors. Considering successful experiences in implementation of multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methods to analyse the technology transfer projects, this method was used to rank and find the priority of each of the identified effective factors. For the purpose of this study, questionniers where developed to collect the required information. Moreover, the stability of questionnaire was determined by a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95 that can be considered well acceptable. To do the statistical analysis we applied statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software to perform descriptive methods, one sample student’s t-test, two sample student’s t-test, and mean comparison tests. Finally, some advices have been presented to improve chance of success and effectiveness of technology transfer projects in Iran based on the proposed model and the results of evaluations and analysis. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Science and Technology Parks and Incubators with a Global Perspective
Majid Soleymani

Scientific researches considered as one of the main and the most important ways in finding the obscure and hidden facts about the universe as well as discovering new resources and strategies for problems and necessities of human being and the society. in line with reach More

Scientific researches considered as one of the main and the most important ways in finding the obscure and hidden facts about the universe as well as discovering new resources and strategies for problems and necessities of human being and the society. in line with reaching the country's development objectives, the role of universities and research centers in establishing social institutions and foundations which are in deal with such centers, is highly effective. Comprehensive and expanded protection of policymakers and officials from science and technology development centers and parks in addition to adopting new managing methods, would lay the necessary grounds for achieving the associated objectives. It is obvious that filling the existing gap between universities and other sectors such as industry, agriculture, health, etc, As well as transfer of knowledge and technology through such centers would be facilitated. That is, the science and technology parks accelerate the economic knowledge-based growth and development. Science and technology parks as research and development units can solve lots of existing problems and improve the situation and condition. With a glance to some of the units' activities it can be grasped that they have not been fully utilized yet. From many important factors, the lack of sound resource and facilitates distribution based on priorities, and lack of required decision adoption by innovation and technology policy makers and planners, different communication, law, and regulation problems lead to lack of suitable utilization. One of the patterns which presented for solving such a problem is the utilization of intermediary organizations and institutions in the cycle of the research to the market which could be realigned through establishing science and technology parks. Science and technology parks play essential role in creating and developing technology institution and professional research centers. Farther more, such R&D units would facilitate the aggregation and technical cooperation with its complimentary units such as engineering services companies, engineering and designing institutes, and professional research centers. Also, it provides suitable connection for funding and addressing the groups adjusted with R&D activities. This article by mentioning the establishment and characteristics of Iranian science and technology parks, explains the general situation of such centers are explained based on geographical conditions and establishing bodies as well as the numerous of center categorized based on dependence type and their different activities and international organization. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Effective Methods of Technology Transfer
Amir Hosein Amir khani Mohammad Javad Esfandiari

20.1001.1.17355486.1391.8.31.1.4

Today transfer of the new and superior technology As one of the Method of maintaining competitive advantage. Technology Transfer be a shortcut of accessing new technology for developing countries (like ours), and to reach this goal, technology transfer process should co More

Today transfer of the new and superior technology As one of the Method of maintaining competitive advantage. Technology Transfer be a shortcut of accessing new technology for developing countries (like ours), and to reach this goal, technology transfer process should completely considered. Getting familiar with preventive and movement factors of technology, will help to reduce the failure rate of technology tranfer. Upon providing a multi-aspect definition of technology, this paper intends to define two methods of accessing technology, one is transferring from other countries and the other is self accessing technologies. There are three major parts in technology transfer process: - Selection & obtaining of technology - Compliance, application and absorption of technology - Promotion & Distribution of technology It is tried to explain technology transfer process, effective factors, its obstacles, necessities and any effects of which in economic development. Lack of localization is one of the major reasons of failure in technology transferm which is considered by explaining the most important reasons which causes research & development institutes fail on localization process of imported technologies. Furthermore in order to find required success in technology transfer, it is a need of receiving companies of technology to manage finding tacit knowledge of it as well. Finally it is explained the importance of tacit knowledge and required fields for any transfer of knowledge. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Comparative Analytic Approach to Research & Development in Iran and Some Developed Countries
Morteza Jamali Paghalue Ehsan Shafiezadeh

20.1001.1.17355486.1391.8.31.3.6

The importance of investment on Research and Development (R&D) has been assumed as a clear and obvious matter in advanced industrial countries, and today it is the R&D that will determine how to allocate the budget and financial issues. Now, investment in R&D units is c More

The importance of investment on Research and Development (R&D) has been assumed as a clear and obvious matter in advanced industrial countries, and today it is the R&D that will determine how to allocate the budget and financial issues. Now, investment in R&D units is considered as a competitive advantage. Nowadays, only those countries are able to participate and survive on competitive challenges at the international levels which are determined consistently to employ the latest technologies and it cannot be obtained unless they possess dynamic and globally-adjusted R&D centers. In this paper, overviewing the literature of this regard, we go through the analysis and description of R&D success factors and its position in Iran and some developed countries such as Japan, USA, and China. Following an adaptive comparison, some solutions are portrayed to improve the place of research in Iran. In the first step, is the government via providing financial support, facilities, and encouraging and promising environment for the researchers, and in the second step, researchers should engage in innovation and service to our country via strengthening national loyalty and learning about the latest scientific methods in the world,. Especially universities -as thinker entities and society’s great scientific and cultural sources- must establish science-based approach as the dominant thought and endeavor toward applying the researches in the country. This will obtain through constant and proper communication between institutions and academic research centers, and spreading the culture of science and research among the public. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - The Role of Intellectual Properties Rights in Innovation of Developing Countries
Neda Garshasbi niya Kamareddin Badry Vig

Much debate in the field of intellectual property rights and its role in economic development is going on. This paper out of four economic variables that affected by IPR, FDI, trade, innovation, public health, genetic resources and traditional knowledge discuss about th More

Much debate in the field of intellectual property rights and its role in economic development is going on. This paper out of four economic variables that affected by IPR, FDI, trade, innovation, public health, genetic resources and traditional knowledge discuss about the effects of stronger IPRs in developing countries on innovation. Here innovation is defined base on OECD statements. Innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), process, new marketing method or a new organisational method in business practices, workplace organisation or external relations. Where the cost of research is high and there is much risk for the return of the investment, countries use different strategies to encourage the innovation. Implementing a strong IPR regime is an important way to motivate researchers and firms for R&D activities. An empirical study has been conducted on 118 countries, both developing and developed countries. It is concluded that stronger IPR does not have direct effect on economic growth or increasing innovation in developing countries while a direct and strong relationship between these variables are visible in developed countries. The positive role of IPR in the economic of developing countries must be accounted, in addition these countries are under the pressure of developed countries to strength their IPR regime, so the countries must develop their IPR law in a manner to prepare most effective way for improving their economic. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Corporate Entrepreneurship; a Solution for Commercialization of Technological Research Findings in Research and Technology Organizations (RTOs)
Reza Bandarian

RTOs' missions are for technology development and carry out complicated commercialization processes. Commercialization of technological research findings is so costly for RTOs that they can not carry out commercialization process by themselves. In the other hand, indust More

RTOs' missions are for technology development and carry out complicated commercialization processes. Commercialization of technological research findings is so costly for RTOs that they can not carry out commercialization process by themselves. In the other hand, industries which are in competitive environment, for sustainable growth require superior new products and technologies which enable them in competitive scope. Industries often have frequent financial and human resources and this leads to their advantage to commercialization process, because those assets provide possibility for adapting huge risk. The lost ring in this chain is the link between RTOs as the developer of technology and industries as the adapter of technology. Entrepreneurship could solve this problem by providing this lost ring and linking RTOs and industries. Corporate entrepreneurship is one of the entrepreneurship types and is defined as some entrepreneurship among the available corporate companies. Entrepreneurship looks for introducing new products and organizational systems in the scope of corporate. Entrepreneurship has five different kinds and each of them carries out entrepreneurship in its own style. Among these, Acquisitive and Opportunistic entrepreneurship have the highest fitness to enrich and enhance coexisting relation between industries and RTOs to commercialize technological findings. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - Policy Making for R&D Centers According to Idea to Market Process; Case Study Iran Petroleum Industry
Seyed mahameddin Tabatabaei

Nowadays, R&D is becoming one of the most important pillars of corporations. But there are several different and diverse approaches regarding the structure and position of R&D department in corporations. Most of the large companies have in-house R&D department. Except More

Nowadays, R&D is becoming one of the most important pillars of corporations. But there are several different and diverse approaches regarding the structure and position of R&D department in corporations. Most of the large companies have in-house R&D department. Except corporate R&D, also independent research and development organizations has been established in many countries to promote scientific and technological capabilities. Each of these two types of research and development organizations has a special mission then policy making for them requires a particular process. The aim of this paper is to policy making for research and development organizations according to idea to market process. For this purpose, first, the elements of idea to market process and then the types of research and development organizations, including corporate and non corporate were described. Then different types of structures of corporate R&D ( in large organization ) will be defined and policies for the duties and nature of their activities in centralized and decentralized sectors of corporate R&D (in hybrid R&D structures) based on the elements of the idea to market process are discussed. Next, the proposed principles for the oil industry as the country's largest industry, which has several research and development departments as a case study, have been applied and finally suggestions for improving research and development in the petroleum industry are presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - The Investigation of the Effect of Research and Development on the Iran׳s Industrial Sector Productivity
Abolfazll Shahabadi Omid Rahmani

This research is evaluated the theorical and analytical role of domestic R&D stocks, human capital and foreign R&D stocks (technology embodied in imports of capital and intermediate goods) on total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Iran׳s industrial sector. As regards More

This research is evaluated the theorical and analytical role of domestic R&D stocks, human capital and foreign R&D stocks (technology embodied in imports of capital and intermediate goods) on total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Iran׳s industrial sector. As regards, the research and development activities of Iran's industrial sector as compared to developed countries are little it could be hope to foreign R&D stock role and their spillovers on total factor productivity growth of this sector. because the absorption of foreign R&D spillovers mid developing the domestic R&D activities will provide favorable field to total factor productivity growth. Therefore, this study is investigated the direct effect of foreign and domestic R&D stocks (via technology embodied in imports of capital and intermediate goods (and human capital on total factor productivity (TFP) growth of Iran's industrial sector in during 1338-1385. The analytical results say that, human capital and foreign R&D stocks have respectively, the highest positive effect on TFP growth of industrial sector. While, in literature theory, domestic R&D stocks is also have a determinant role on TFP growth. But, by reason of low investment in research budgets and lack of the demand base of research activities, the effect of domestic R&D stocks on total factor productivity growth of Iran׳s industrial sector have, lower effect than foreign R&D stocks. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - Research & Development vs. Iran's Exports
Asghar Mobarak

Although at present time trade can not be the engine of growth by itself but still can help developing countries a lot. A developing country can move from a non-efficient point to an optimum point in production through trade. That's why export of industry in each countr More

Although at present time trade can not be the engine of growth by itself but still can help developing countries a lot. A developing country can move from a non-efficient point to an optimum point in production through trade. That's why export of industry in each country depends on exchange rates, research and development and productivity. The main purpose of this study is the role of R & D activities in the export industry with ISIC two-digit codes. For this purpose, a statistical panel (9 Industrial Groups during 2008-1995) within a logarithmic multivariate econometric model was used. Besides R & D expenditure variable effects of variables such as real effective exchange rate, the value of each industry profitability, firm size and the amount of square workforce, the share of foreign raw materials on export volume is also investigated. The results of this Regression Model indicate that within the study period, the real & effective rate of exchange, the amount of each industry's profits, labor force, and firm size has positive impacts on exports and the share of foreign raw materials (unlike Vernon cycle) does not affect exports, and R & D costs with some three-break codes have positive effects in some codes & in some other they make no sense. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Designing a Model to examin Research and Development section´s capabilities with emphasis on reversed engineering in Tage chemical Factory
Neda Khadem Garayeli Reza Radfar

Today, research and development and related activities to access new technologies in the industrial world have been challenging activities. Although the research and industrial development companies in developed countries have been living for thirty years with increasin More

Today, research and development and related activities to access new technologies in the industrial world have been challenging activities. Although the research and industrial development companies in developed countries have been living for thirty years with increasing importance of R&D continuously, but developing countries recently have realized its importance.technologies are products which are produced by R&D units; R&D units were known as Technology pillars and are unique resources of innovation, creating R&D units and institutes or developing old ones to new effective ones for developing countries are inevitable issues. There are various methods to access the Technologies and one of the most important ones , especially among developing countries is Reverse engineering which is Consciousness method taken from exist Technology. This paper also reviews research background of (R & D) and reverse engineering, simulation software modeling to achieve the most effective parameters and their relationships and offer strategies for optimal per unit R & D and access to technologies of modern examined. This study contains R & D department of a chemical factory as selected population which is one of the important industrial factories in Iran. Some of the important key factors straw is considered in R&D unit of mentioned factory include: Number of had ended project in R&D unit, System inputs including (primary materials & new need), Expert & Skillful human resources, Versed management of R&D unit, Planning and project control of R&D unit Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Contrastive Analysis of Approaches and Frameworks in Evaluating Innovation
Seyed Nooroddin Daronkolaei Hoseynreza Alizadeh Vlokolaei

The literature existing in innovation evaluation can be studied in two ways: 1) innovation evaluation at company level 2) innovation evaluation at national level. Innovation evaluation at company level is useful to make decisions in allocation of resources for innovatio More

The literature existing in innovation evaluation can be studied in two ways: 1) innovation evaluation at company level 2) innovation evaluation at national level. Innovation evaluation at company level is useful to make decisions in allocation of resources for innovation activities, to choose the fields in which innovation is expected to produce high economical return, and also to manage innovation strategies inside the enterprises. At national level policymakers need the information acquired from innovation evaluation in studying the existing situation, future developments trend, getting feedback from positive and negative effects of the existing policies, and making appropriate policies. According to the literature related to the title of the study, we have tried to mention the similarities and differences of the studies done in innovation evaluation by contrastive analysis of them. In similarity section, innovation process and technological changes measurement are mentioned. Also in differences section the level of analysis and providing indicators for measuring all three fields of systematic process of innovation are mentioned. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - A Review of Technology Status in Iran's Development Plans
Behrooz Arbab Shirani Hasan KIhakbaz

In recent years, there is an increasing trend in paying attention to knowledge-based development in both developed and developing countries. Since education, research and technology are key components of this development, it is necessary to have comprehensive plans in v More

In recent years, there is an increasing trend in paying attention to knowledge-based development in both developed and developing countries. Since education, research and technology are key components of this development, it is necessary to have comprehensive plans in various areas of science, research and technology. Fortunately, this movement has been considered by policymakers and planners in Iran in recent years. Based on Iran's 20-Year Development Vision Plan (2005-2025) which is the most important plan of the country, Iran will move toward becoming a developed country that has the first position in the region in terms of economy, science and technology. To achieve this vision, four 5-year plans have been defined, the first of which is the fourth development plan (2005-2009). One chapter of Iran's fourth development plan is dedicated to knowledge-based development which clearly points to science and technology issues. By the same token, the fifth development plan bill was sent to the parliament by the government and also part of this plan is dedicated to science and technology. But the main orientation of these programs is not accurate strategies for technology development. Science would be useful if it can be converted to wealth. Therefore, conducting applied research and technology development is very important. Throughout the full- paper we explain the importance of country's development plans in the field of science, research and technology and discuss the status of technology in Iran's third, fourth and fifth development plans. Finally, after analyzing the current situation, we express some key strategies to increase the effectiveness of development plans in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - : Launching New Technology to Existing Industries; A Solution for Facilitating Commercialization
Ahmad Mosaei

Research results without commercialization could not be sources of public welfare and national wealth. Undoubtedly, commercialization and transferring research findings to the industry and market area is one of the complicated stages of innovation process. One of the wa More

Research results without commercialization could not be sources of public welfare and national wealth. Undoubtedly, commercialization and transferring research findings to the industry and market area is one of the complicated stages of innovation process. One of the ways to overcome this challenge is benefiting from existing industries or plants which has required equipments for industrialization of technology and also has free capacity. In this paper, at first the benefits of utilizing existing industries for commercialization some of new technologies are described. Then a scientific methodology introduced to explain and implement the ability to launch of new technologies into existing plant in Research institute for Petroleum Industry (RIPI). This methodology benefits from principles of modular design and robust design. After introducing the methodology, a case study is presented which has been carried out by this methodology to launch a new technology in one of the existing plants. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The Necessity of Considering the Development of New Products and the Role of Innovation, Technology and R&D in it
Abass Khamse Reza Radfar Ali Sarafrazz Davood Sarafrazz

In todays world of economy, many of organizations are looking for elements of creating competetive advantages. The process of developing new products for different kinds of product/service organizations, is considered as competetive advantage. Development of New product More

In todays world of economy, many of organizations are looking for elements of creating competetive advantages. The process of developing new products for different kinds of product/service organizations, is considered as competetive advantage. Development of New products will help organizations to keep their competetive and monopolistic positions in competetive market. In this paper we try to introduce development of new product, directions, patterns and its process, and also consider the goals and reasons of the imporance of development of new products. So, we will consider the role of innovation, R&D, technology and management in new product development process. We would also investigate the important factors which are seems to be important in fail and success of the new product development. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Consequences of Globalization of Research and Development on the Economic Development of Countries
Laleh Haghighat

Research and development have come to a global shape with developing information technology and communicating networks. Also advancing the science and especially engineering is going to be practical that leads cooperation among industries, researchers, and organizations More

Research and development have come to a global shape with developing information technology and communicating networks. Also advancing the science and especially engineering is going to be practical that leads cooperation among industries, researchers, and organizations. Since accessing to the new technology and economics development in developing countries leads to large investments and development in the area of research, so these countries must try to obtain major technologies using foreign investments and then try to develop them using their own innovation. Therefore, globalization of research and development by ultra-national organization and decentralization of research and development units will result in the economic development. It seems that globalization can be a solution to the most of the economic problems. Nowadays, global economy is organized based on the information process management and networks, so that a new version of international economy in different theories can be imagined. Economy is a scientific network organized by information control paradigm and assessed by different variables. This method provides effective management mechanisms for the formation of a new version of different economies. In this way, the economic processes will be modified and a new version of economic relations would emerge. Meanwhile using information technology will lead to business development, facilitating economic relationships and providing the possibility of different activities for the organization. There is also a meaningful a correlation between the highly developed countries and the countries with large investments in research and development. So the importance of developing research and development is highlighted for the developing countries. This article will discuss the consequences of globalization of research and development on the economic development of countries, as well as the obstacles and opportunities resulted from that; like better production, job opportunities and higher income in developing countries. It also reviews the important factors which can lead to the development of economic network. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Transfer of Technology by Clean Development Mechanism
Seyed Ghasem Noori najafi Amir abbas Sedighi

Although the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) does not have an explicit technology transfer mandate, it may contribute to technology transfer by financing emission reduction projects using technologies currently not available in the host countries. This paper analyzes More

Although the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) does not have an explicit technology transfer mandate, it may contribute to technology transfer by financing emission reduction projects using technologies currently not available in the host countries. This paper analyzes the claims of technology transfer made by project participants in the project design documents for 3296 registered and proposed CDM projects. Roughly 36% of the projects accounting for 59% of the annual emission reductions claim to involve technology transfer. Technology transfer is more common for larger projects and projects with foreign participants. Technology transfer is very heterogeneous across project types and usually involves both knowledge and equipment. The technology originates mostly from Japan, Germany, the USA, France, and Great Britain. The rate of technology transfer is significantly higher than the average for several host countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam and significantly lower than average for Brazil, China, and India. As the number of projects increases, technology transfer occurs beyond the individual projects. This is observed for several project types in China and Brazil. For most project types, project developers appear to have a choice among a number of domestic and/or foreign technology suppliers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Investigating the Effects of R&D globalization in innovation and technology development
Reza Radfar Abass Khamse

Increasing the competitive space and motivation for duration in markets, is a cause to move countries and organizations that concentrate their activities on core productions and core competencies. This matter requires large investment in researches and technologic innov More

Increasing the competitive space and motivation for duration in markets, is a cause to move countries and organizations that concentrate their activities on core productions and core competencies. This matter requires large investment in researches and technologic innovations. Nowadays, performing the researches in organizations is based on of guidance purpose and supporting the innovation and R&D activities in organizations must be concentrate to the best opportunities that create the new business or change the present business of organizations. Also, intensity of globalization competitive in recent lathes is ended to increasing the countries and organizations support from R&D activities. Researches complexities base on technology and innovation and also business and market is a cause for reconsideration in activities direction and its dimensions, scales and positions. In present century, R&D result has a great impact on innovation, quality improvement, the standard level of life, and increases the markets share and the other factors that are effective for competitiveness of organizations. With appearance of globalization phenomena, the methods for access to technology has been changed, and new methods have been created that make possible for countries and organizations the accessibility to research in different levels. In recent lathes, most part of R&D activities performs by use of foreign direct investment (FDI) by trans national corporations (TNCs), but these corporations performs main activities of R&D in its laboratory for containing the competitive advantage that is ended to product of knowledge and also performs more development activities and relation with market in another countries and near the consumption markets. We are trying in this paper to present the definition abut globalization, R&D and also, difference between R and D, to investigate effects of globalization process on R&D consist of : appearance of new methods for technology reception that is ended to access to development and knowledge researches. Especially, FDI method, investigate the effective factors from R&D and present the related static with many factors in another countries, mandatory of R&D and audit of innovation in organizations, introducing the many related factors with R&D such as cost, market, technology, competitive advantage, ... , and opportunities resulted from globalization process on R&D activities in under developed countries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - The role of research and development in economic development of the countries
Mahnaz Rabiei

The cost of research and development and technology improvement result in cost decrease, productivity improvement and export growth. New Technologies cause enhancement in production factors and create further variations in productions. Furthermore, technologies create c More

The cost of research and development and technology improvement result in cost decrease, productivity improvement and export growth. New Technologies cause enhancement in production factors and create further variations in productions. Furthermore, technologies create changes in comparative cost of production, and increase the comparative advantages in corporations and ultimately in the countries. Research, development and innovation costs, and new technologies allow corporations to improve their production abilities; thus resulting in capacity growth, cost reduction, quality improvement, and timely delivery. Unique characteristics of Innovation and new ideas are not challengeable. For example, achievements in a new method, will give others easier access, without causing interruptions to the previous users. Therefore, such products are produced once and can be mass-produced then after. In this article, the importance of research and development in the growth of value added through an endogenous growth is explained. While revising Romer's endogenous model of growth, a mathematic model for Iran's economic growth was made and the effects of R&D, spillovers resulted from R&D, labor force, physical capital and human resource based on OLS was evaluated. While considering the effects of innovation management in R&D improvement, other effects of innovation management were also analyzed. This article intends to analyze the effects of R&D throughout the country and innovation management within corporations to obtain economic growth Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - The role of R&D in value creation in corporation
Mohammadreza sadrinia Mohsen Varvani

Technology is a one of the important factors to help organizations in offering products with high quality and low price to customers. It is obvious that if organizations can supply goods and services with appropriate price, time and manner to their customers, then they More

Technology is a one of the important factors to help organizations in offering products with high quality and low price to customers. It is obvious that if organizations can supply goods and services with appropriate price, time and manner to their customers, then they can reach customers’ satisfaction and loyalty. By presenting new products in new ways, organizations can satisfy available customers need and can convert potential customers to real customers. To get this objective, Research and development can play a vital role. In this research we attempt to investigate the role of R&D in value creation from view point of experts in corporations. This research is a descriptive-survival research, and our data gathering tool is questionnaire. Finally, in this research five hypotheses has tested and accepted Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - Explanation of Research and Developments Networking Effect in the Valus Improvement of SMEs
Abass Khamse Reza Radfar

In the recent years, importance and the role of small and medium enterprises was on the increase in industrial and developing countries. With the appearance of modern technology in the production and communications, some transitions have been created in the ways of prod More

In the recent years, importance and the role of small and medium enterprises was on the increase in industrial and developing countries. With the appearance of modern technology in the production and communications, some transitions have been created in the ways of production, distribution and organizational structure of agencies, and in this regard the importance of small and medium units has been found an upward movement. Developed countries and recently developed ones, have always applied special policies and strategies for improvement of small and medium industries and facilitating of enterprises entrance in the economical arena. They have applied those strategies for the competitions guarantee in the free market and restraint of big companies monopolization. Networking is referred to groups of enterprises which have cooperation in the special project with each other, and are using their own specialties for overcoming the usual and common difficulties, and gaining access to better efficiency. Networks are propounded in the universal trading subjects as a strong situation and condition, and have considered in the modern trading realm since 90s. Its importance as assistance in the creation of innovations in small and medium enterprises has been considered increasingly. Because small and medium enterprises have similar bonds, difficulties and opportunities, so they are providing the same networking policy strategy, the suitable networking facilities that are proportional with necessities and requirements of small and medium enterprises. Furthermore, clustering and networking of small and medium enterprises are considered as an important informational source and ideas creation for the process and productions innovations. On the other hand, the related small and medium enterprises can have the continual research and development, in which total sum of expenses is less than the research and developments expenses of each one solitarily and separately. In addition, products development, processs recovery, common consultation and coordination in the processs recovery of small and medium enterprises, which have been located in the networking discipline, are more fruitful than the processing and consultation of the distinct small and medium enterprises.Adoption of standard certificates and their related codes for the networking organizations is more accessible and cheaper. Also the instructional networks are providing this possibility, for accessing to the continual educational sources, for all small and medium enterprises in the networks. And finally advantages which obtained from the formation of small and medium enterprises networks can fulfill their needs in relation to their entrance to the universal competition arena. In this essay it was tried to consider the role of research and development networking among the small and medium enterprises and study the opportunities and problems which obtained from that. Furthermore, we will discuss the advantages and benefits of clustering and networking among the small and medium enterprises. The creation of values which obtained from research and development networking in the success and development of small and medium enterprises in the competition market will be analyzed too. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - The Role of R&D on Job Creation and Value Added of Small and Medium Enterprises
Bita Faramarzpour Darzini Nasrin Khandan

The organization economic co-operation and development (O.E.C.D) gives the definition of R&D as a creative work which is done based on systematic structure in order to find new usage out of technical and scientific resulted knowledge. Before the second world war, only a More

The organization economic co-operation and development (O.E.C.D) gives the definition of R&D as a creative work which is done based on systematic structure in order to find new usage out of technical and scientific resulted knowledge. Before the second world war, only a few non-governmental institutions did research about industries. But at the time of the war, the R&D works developed quickly and the complexity of R&D works increased, so that resulted in improvement of new products. R&D importance and governments support and R&D proportion of GDP shows countries development ratio. In the present article, in order to have a better survey of R&Ds position and its network coincreasing ratio in Iran; at first librarian studies were done and some developed countries supporting samples were reviewed. All of them showed that relationship and network creation between R&D units in governmental and nongovernmental sectors in our country, accompanied with the relationship between industry and university. This, can be practical in the best way in form of reinforcing of technology and science parks model. Then the R&D position is studied in Kerman industries. According to managers opinions, many of them emphasized R&D and started to build R&D units and they believed, it is so effective in profitability and value creation. But the important point is the supporting role of the government and the better effort to make the result of the researches applicable and the works of R&D in form of network. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Modeling an Urban Incubator for Tehran City
Mehdi Kanuani

One of the major priorities of each big citys developing plan is to support & promote SMEs through Incubators. This policy has played a key role in innovation, entrepreneurship & economical growth. Entrepreneurs play as a growth motor for the economics of the cities. So More

One of the major priorities of each big citys developing plan is to support & promote SMEs through Incubators. This policy has played a key role in innovation, entrepreneurship & economical growth. Entrepreneurs play as a growth motor for the economics of the cities. So in most countries, various laws & facilities have been developed for supporting them. In our country, the capital city “Tehran” is the largest city in the country and developing an Urban Incubator in Tehran will play the role of a pilot plan for the other cities. Then this article by analyzing available trends and models in other cities, intends to make a model for supporting SMEs in Tehran city by Urban Incubators and its infrastructure and sub-structures. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - A Development Bank for Small and Medium Enterprises in Iran (SME bank of IRAN)
Mohammad reza Edraki

Financial supports just include a part of SMEs essential needs which will be performed through Banking institutions, Development Financial Institutions (DFIs), Leasing and Factoring Companies, Venture Capital Companies (VCs) to support and assist these Enterprises. But More

Financial supports just include a part of SMEs essential needs which will be performed through Banking institutions, Development Financial Institutions (DFIs), Leasing and Factoring Companies, Venture Capital Companies (VCs) to support and assist these Enterprises. But development and formation new technical institutions in financial and advisory services lines from SMEs still seems to be necessary. SME Bank of Iran is one of these new and necessary institutes which can be effective as a Development Financial Institution to initiate SMEs businesses, and responding to their special necessity. This Bank as a financial institute and through related financial and advisory proceses can help for financial supports and necessary supplement helps of SMEs. Advisory services in SME Bank of Iran, absolutely, must be presented in an integrated form for financial supports and venture creation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - The Role of Government and Public Sector on Local Development of Innovation
Feredric Bogren Alireza Ayatollahi

In scientific environment, technology is the primover of local development, and innovation is the essence of economic growth. Technological development in regions, cities and rural regions is as total and integrated development. This paper, first discusses about technol More

In scientific environment, technology is the primover of local development, and innovation is the essence of economic growth. Technological development in regions, cities and rural regions is as total and integrated development. This paper, first discusses about technological innovation and effect of geographic proximity of industries and research centers at national, regional and urban levels. In other words this paper focuses on this question that “Does this proximity helps the growth of innovation and technology. There are many questions about national development. For example Does geographic proximity of industries help innovation and technology growth?, Does this matter accelerate national development or vice versa? will ICT, telecommunication and transportation decrease the cost and problem of industries and their expertise? Or is it cause of centralization in policy and reduction of country and urban logistic effects? This paper also discusses about technology incubators in central region of France and technology transfer between them and a science and research network in order to facilitate technology transfer. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Benchmarking based on Knowledge Patterns by Creating and Implementing the Knowledge System
Mohammadreza Hamidi zadeh

How to reach to organizational knowledge activities diagnoses is the main step to utilize the value sources engineering organizational knowledge assets. I have this objective, by emphasis benchmarking approach around nineteen Intl significant firms. These firms analyzed More

How to reach to organizational knowledge activities diagnoses is the main step to utilize the value sources engineering organizational knowledge assets. I have this objective, by emphasis benchmarking approach around nineteen Intl significant firms. These firms analyzed on the field of organizational knowledge explanation. Knowledge management based organizational knowledge created and developed knowledge approaches during 1384. The other objective extended that successes patterns and its mechanisms where are and how we can use them. To increase key knowledge competencies, organization should to pay more attention to knowledge sources and assets until diagnosis future opportunities and take pass threats, transfer them to new opportunities. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Research & Development in Entrepreneurial Organizations
Jalil Samad Aghaei

abstract not found

abstract not found Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Determining the Priorities in Science Parks by Using Fuzzy DEMATEL Case Study of Sheikh-Bahai Science and Technology Park
mohammad ebrahim sadeghi asghat saud abadi saeed mirza mohammadi Mohammad mahdavi

10.7508/jstpi.2015.01.006

Science parks are known tools for incubation of knowledge-based firms. Recently, policy makers of science and technology of our country has paid attention to these institutions. The topic of this research was investigating the impact of these institutions on the develop More

Science parks are known tools for incubation of knowledge-based firms. Recently, policy makers of science and technology of our country has paid attention to these institutions. The topic of this research was investigating the impact of these institutions on the development of knowledge-based companies and identifying the key factors resulting in earning competitive advantages by located firms. After reviewing many researches in this field of study, key effective factors were identified and by using the experts, these factors were revised according to the circumstance of our country and placed in a proper framework. The framework consists of four aspects including: “human resource”, “R&D and technology transfer”, “facilities” and “market development” and twelve factors. The framework applied in Sheikh Bahai Science and Technology Park and the results obtained showed that in this park, facilities aspect needs special attention. This aspect had the highest significance in quadruple aspects and was the only aspect affecting Sheikh Bahai Science and Technology Park. Other aspects such as, “human resource”, “R&D and technology transfer”, and “market development” were effects of the aspects. The results of this research show that the development of knowledge based firms located in this park depends on facilities such as financial resources and primary physical infrastructure than human resource, research activities and marketing services. We suggest using this framework to find the aspects and factors influential the creation of competitive advantages and determining the action and planning priorities for other science and technology parks in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Identifying Priorities for Acquisition of Technology in an Industrial Organization Case Study of Middle-Class Vessels
Hosein Esbati Seyed Habibollah Tabatabaeiyan

10.7508/jstpi.2015.02.001

3000 km of coastline, access to the sea on the north and south of the country, access to the open water (Indian Ocean), are the advantages of the geographical area of marine and maritime industries that made a special place in the economy of the country. Transit maritim More

3000 km of coastline, access to the sea on the north and south of the country, access to the open water (Indian Ocean), are the advantages of the geographical area of marine and maritime industries that made a special place in the economy of the country. Transit maritime economy and maximum utilization of sea resources has confirmed the need to replacement of worn out vessels with Landing Crafts. For that matter, the most important goals of this R&D are sea freight, transition and achieving the capacity of producing landing craft vessel. Investors and suppliers to meet the needs of customers in a competitive environment must decide: 1) domestic production, 2) transfer of technology, and 3) a combination of both. This paper has initially studied definitions of technology and technology transfer and different aspects of technology acquisition process, the identification, selection, transfer, exploitation and dissemination. The decision models presented by little and Ford have been studied, based on the data, a model for the study was provided. In the first phase, the project was developed Executive structure of acquisition and division of Duties. The second step is the most important activities, assessment capabilities and industry suppliers that are identified and assessed. Data were analyzed by Ford Models. These results, created clear images for useful decision-making executives, Acquisition of the landing Craft boats were through a joint partnership action. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of access, internal development and transfer, has been studied. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - Functional Analysis of Technological Innovation System in the new Generation of Digital Communication
Shara Aghajanian

10.7508/jstpi.2016.01.007

Digital communication industries with high growth rates in innovation have globally advanced and rapidly expanded. The industry has been extensively changing in the worldwide. Hence, it significantly changes the business models according to the technology of new generat More

Digital communication industries with high growth rates in innovation have globally advanced and rapidly expanded. The industry has been extensively changing in the worldwide. Hence, it significantly changes the business models according to the technology of new generation in digital communication. New generation technology with the emergence of creative destruction context, left the organizations by two compulsory alternatives, compliance with new system and success or destruction of the systems will be the result. Unlike many articles that considered the structural and functional analysis individually to assess the technological innovation system, the integrated process by considering structural analysis as a prerequisite of functional analysis have been applied. Literature review and industry related analysis is applied to gather eight functional factors, and also a questionnaire is designed. After data gathering, the phase of technological development analysis as a tools for prioritizing and analyzing the dependencies between the blocking functions are deployed that was rarely used in the literature. Therefore, the blocking and deriving factors are analysed and appropriate policies are made. Results show that the studied process is an appropriate framework for functional analysis and by the number of policies represented at the end, further researches are suggested. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - The Index of Research and Development Capabilities in the BRICS Countries (Brazil, Russia, India, china, the South Africa)
Sina Laleh

10.7508/jstpi.2016.03.006

Today, research and development and related activities in order to access the modern technology is major industrial activity in the world. Despite the increasing importance of research and development activities in developed countries in the last thirty years, developin More

Today, research and development and related activities in order to access the modern technology is major industrial activity in the world. Despite the increasing importance of research and development activities in developed countries in the last thirty years, developing countries have recently realized its integral importance. Actually, technology is an output of the research and development factory.The research and development units are infrastructure of technology and the greatest source of innovation. There are Various procedure to achive technology that reverse engineering is one of the most important. (especially in developing countries) In this essay, addition to review the literature of "research and development" and the factors affecting its capabilities, experiences of leading countries in this field (BRICS) will be checked in order to design a conceptual model to assess the research and development capabilities. In the end, we present some pieces of advice to reduce the problems and increase the quality and quantity level of R&D. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - Smart Clothing; from Problem-Solving to Knowledge Generation
Morteza PourMohammadi Azam Neumati

10.7508/jstpi.2016.03.008

20.1001.1.17355486.1395.12.47.1.4

As a paradigm, design thinking has not accurate definition yet and could make sense during practical design activities. In addition, Sophisticated technology-driven products with high volume of unknowns, which considered as “wicked problems” have proposed to be solved b More

As a paradigm, design thinking has not accurate definition yet and could make sense during practical design activities. In addition, Sophisticated technology-driven products with high volume of unknowns, which considered as “wicked problems” have proposed to be solved by applying Design Thinking. Main purpose of this research is to investigate the design thinking role in such projects from problem-solving to knowlegde generation. At first, the opportunities and challenges in the design development process of smart clothing design project-as a wicked problem- surveyd through a descriptive-analytical method. Then as a case study, a practical smart clothing design project and his design thinkig dimentions discussed in detail. The findings of this article suggest design thinking as a systematic, creative and human-centered thinking beside treating as core research and managing design activities, could be the source of knowledge generation. The genarated knowlegde here includes redefining and shaping the problem, determine the level of technology integration, design issues, user requirements models and workflow; which in addition to facilitating the design solving process and reduce design errores, can be a true example of generalized problem solving And decision making pattern. Such approach to design thinking for wicked problems- Research through Design- pointed out the general knowledge of design activities(including the problem, methods and processes) is unknown at first phases, and the Generative nature of design thinking undertake this task, in other words design problem or brief will complete in parallel with solution. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

45 - Analysis of the factors affecting R & D management and rank the factors with ANP techniques in the automotive industry (Case Study: Pars Khodro Company)
Abass Khamse shohreh ghanbariha fereydon ohadi

10.7508/jstpi.2017.02.006

20.1001.1.17355486.1396.13.50.4.0

This study developed in 8 of the R & D management model to analyze the factors affecting the Pars Khodro Company will pay R & D management. And determines the performance of the company. . -Pymayshy Descriptive research and data gathering instrument was a questionnaire More

This study developed in 8 of the R & D management model to analyze the factors affecting the Pars Khodro Company will pay R & D management. And determines the performance of the company. . -Pymayshy Descriptive research and data gathering instrument was a questionnaire which its validity with the judgment of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha and SPSS software. Due to the limited population of the study, the total number method is used to rank the factors affecting the management of research and development in Pars Khodro Company of paired comparisons with ANP techniques using software is used SUPER DECISIONS. The results obtained from the software indicates that financial factors were ranked first and managerial factors responsible for learning and innovation, technological platforms, operating commercial, technical factors, the operating system have won the next rank. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

46 - Move Towards a Knowledge-based Economy by Examining the Interconnectedness of Input and Output Dimension in Global Indicators of Innovation
reza salami hossien mirzaee atiyeh safardoust

10.7508/jstpi.2017.03.003

20.1001.1.17355486.1396.13.51.4.2

In the current decade, knowledge based economy is a popular term in the scientific circles of the country. This word has attracted the attention of many scholars and experts. The global index of knowledge based economy has four foundations, and innovation is one of thes More

In the current decade, knowledge based economy is a popular term in the scientific circles of the country. This word has attracted the attention of many scholars and experts. The global index of knowledge based economy has four foundations, and innovation is one of these bases. In the area of innovation, Iran has less privilege than the global average. In order to promote the level of innovation and, consequently, the level of knowledge-based economy, using the global statistics in the field of knowledge based economy and innovation, in this paper first of all, we recognize the important input factors influencing the innovation and then we compare the status of these inputs with the global average. After identifying the weaknesses in the inputs, the status of these measures is reviewed in the Sixth Development Plan document. According to the findings, it was found that in the sixth program of development, only gross domestic product (GDP) per unit of energy consumption was pointed out, and no direct reference was made to other measures. Comparison of measures with the global average showed that in order to improve the output of innovation, the country needs to improve the level of research and development, knowledge workers, ICT and the political environment. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

47 - Identifying and Prioritizing Managers’ Competencies in Technology R&D Centers
peyman mahdiloo torkamani Mostafa Safdari Ranjbar Asghar Moshabaki Esfahani amir abass Shojaei

10.7508/jstpi.2017.01.007

20.1001.1.17355486.1395.13.49.8.8

Nowadays the role of technology as a key factor in creating wealth and permanent competitive advantages in various levels has been proven. With due attention to the role of R&D centers in promoting firms’ technological capabilities, the management of these centers are More

Nowadays the role of technology as a key factor in creating wealth and permanent competitive advantages in various levels has been proven. With due attention to the role of R&D centers in promoting firms’ technological capabilities, the management of these centers are extremely important. So, it is essential to present a framework in order to selecting new managers or extending the capabilities of current managers of these centers. In current study the concept of manager competencies and some previous frameworks in this area have been studied. Then, through holding a panel with 12 academic and industrial experts, the identified competencies were confirmed. Afterwards, 32 competencies were categorized in 3 categories: 1. Individual and personality competencies, 2. Managerial and leadership competencies, and 3. Technical and professional competencies. Finally, through inviting 62 executive managers who work in these centers, and introducing and explaining about identified competencies, a questionnaire was given to them. Via analyzing the questionnaires with Friedman test, each of the competencies and categories were prioritized. The results show, three competencies including: 1. Team work, communication and knowledge sharing, 2. Organizing and conducting research teams, and 3. Motivating and empowering experts and knowledge workers have higher priority than other identified competencies. Also, in terms of categorized competencies, individual and personal competencies have higher priority than other categories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

48 - The role of market and entrepreneurship orientation on the successof new product development
zeinab esfandyari mohammad javad naeiji

10.7508/jstpi.2017.04.001

20.1001.1.17355486.1396.13.52.7.7

This article examines the relationship between company orientation(entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation), internal control systems and new product development. Different researches results provide valuable insights on the role of the company orientation More

This article examines the relationship between company orientation(entrepreneurial orientation and market orientation), internal control systems and new product development. Different researches results provide valuable insights on the role of the company orientation in New Product development. Entrepreneurial orientation helps the companies to have personal control in order to have great improvement in new product development activities .on the other hand market orientation emphasis more in output control than personal control in new product development. Manages in firms that emphasize output controls are evaluated and rewarded on the basis of objective financial criteria. Personal control on the other hand, focuses on long-term performance rather than short term financial targets. Generally personal control requires more time and has a higher coordination cost than output control. In recent decades, companies consider new product as a source of competitive advantage and means of anticipating the competitors. Some marketing research have found the relationship between market orientation and new product development. The goal of market orientation is to satisfy current market needs, rather than to develop new products targeted at emerging new needs. Some researchers criticize market orientation ,They suggest that entrepreneurship orientation must replace with market orientation. Some researches focus on one of the orientation , on the other hand they ignore the role of internal control systems as a mediating variable . Therefore we survey this subject completely. This study in terms of methodology is descriptive correlation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

49 - The Conceptual Model of the Development of Broadband Technology Aimed at Reducing Dependence on Oil in Resistance Economy Based on International Experiences
ali estaji mahdi roayaei Ahmad mohammadi

10.52547/jstpi.20597.17.66.63

20.1001.1.17355486.1400.17.66.1.7

Today, the importance of communication and especially the use of cyberspace, is so high that it is considered as one of the development strategies. In fact, Broadband Technology as a platform for Internet services is among the knowledge-based economy. according to the f More

Today, the importance of communication and especially the use of cyberspace, is so high that it is considered as one of the development strategies. In fact, Broadband Technology as a platform for Internet services is among the knowledge-based economy. according to the features such as the development of entrepreneurship and productivity growth, Broadband Technology has the ability to decrease the government reliance on oil revenues. The impact of technology on social and economic development of communities is undeniable, and based on the view of some experts, this technology is an important component in development of current economies. Broadband through the creation of market, new jobs, and infrastructure, and also by changing the economic system, will help economic and social development. Therefore, considering the position of broadband technology and the necessity to use it in the country in order to achieve the goals of the 20-year perspective, the institutionalization of the development and production of science and research, the increase of the share of gross national product in scientific production, the development and strengthening of the software movement, in this article the native development model Broadband technology is provided. To achieve this, two fundamental points are strict: First, take advantage of the experience of the leading countries in Broadband Technology. Second, considering the appropriateness native of our country. Considering these two principles, the national broadband development model has been clarified and the necessary requirements and measures to achieve those, expressed under the following topics: Prepare of supply and demand sides and the necessity of providing broadband infrastructure by government. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

50 - A Method for Identifying and Ranking the Risks of the New Product Development Process in the Iranian Automotive Industry Using the Method Combined ANP-DEMATEL
seyed ghasem salimi zavieh roksana fekri

10.52547/jstpi.20684.15.59.9

20.1001.1.17355486.1398.15.59.4.2

The rapid growth of technology, increased risk-taking in global markets and the ever-increasing changes in customer needs have put pressure on new product development teams.There are many risks in the process of developing new products in all industries intrinsically. T More

The rapid growth of technology, increased risk-taking in global markets and the ever-increasing changes in customer needs have put pressure on new product development teams.There are many risks in the process of developing new products in all industries intrinsically. Therefore, understanding, identifying and ranking the risks is of strategic importance for companies. The purpose of this study is identifying and ranking the risks in the process of developing a new product in Iran's automotive industry, based on the literature of research and specialized interviews conducted with experts, the main indicators have been identified. The main risk indicators in the new product development process are organizational, managerial, financial, manufacturing, marketing, and technical. Moreover, they are related to the phases of new product development. Therefore, these indicators will be ranked in this study. Regarding the relationship between the criteria and the sub-criteria, the DEMETL technique will be used to identify the relationship model, and based on the network of identified relationships, the network analysis process (ANP) technique has been used for ranking the criteria and Sub-criteria with Super Decision software. The result of these techniques suggests that organizational risk is the most important parameter in risk management of the new product development process and the technical risk is the least important. On the other hand, sub-criterion of incorrect planning of resources has the highest importance and sub-criterion of lack of sufficient communications is the least important in the automotive industry in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

51 - Analyzing of the Necessary Factors for the Developing Science and Technology Pole in Qazvin Province
mehrnoosh mirzaei mohammad reza karbalaei rezaei maziar amirhosseini

10.7508/jstpi.2018.04.002

20.1001.1.17355486.1397.14.56.6.1

The Field of science and technology can increase productivity through the formulation and implementation of supportive policies, proper rules and institutional frameworks. Moreover it can stimulate sustainable economic growth through dynamic technological change support More

The Field of science and technology can increase productivity through the formulation and implementation of supportive policies, proper rules and institutional frameworks. Moreover it can stimulate sustainable economic growth through dynamic technological change supported by efficient and effective innovation systems. Creating a suitable environment for national and provincial innovation will allow companies and industries to grow, generate more profits, and create more employment. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analayze the necessary areas for regional development of science and technology in Qazvin province. For this purpose, using the field method, researchers and owners of knowledge based companies as a sample population. The questionnaires were completed and variables with Likert scale were evaluated and defined factors analized and prioritized for regional development of science and technology. The results of this study indicate that Qazvin province should have the necessary indicators to create the science and technology area. With the creation of a pole of science and technology, it is possible to take effective steps in developing the province. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

52 - A Pattern for Promotion of the New Product Development Success Based on Customer Involvement Capability, Customer Knowledge Absorption and Resources Slack
sadaf Veshkaeinezhad Mostafa Ebrahim pour Azbary Mohammad Doustar

10.7508/jstpi.2019.02.005

20.1001.1.17355486.1398.15.58.4.0

Todays, product development has faced the dramatically growth, due to the rapid changes in customers’ demands, needs and the competitiveness of the market. Success in new product development requires a deep understanding of our customers. And this necessitates an intera More

Todays, product development has faced the dramatically growth, due to the rapid changes in customers’ demands, needs and the competitiveness of the market. Success in new product development requires a deep understanding of our customers. And this necessitates an interactive and active interaction with them. New product development is a way to listen to what customers want and also, to response their needs. Creating customer participation capability causes innovative and practical ideas and enhances firms’ competitive environment. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is investigating the effect of customer involvement capability on the success of the new product development. Also, this research attempts to develop previous researches by considering the effect of customer knowledge assimilation as a mediating variable and the moderating role of resources slack of company. This article is practical in term of purpose and descriptive in term of method. Questionnaire is used to collect the data. And 30 knowledge-based companies in Rasht city participated in this research. In order to test the hypotheses, the Structural Equation Modeling approach has been used. The research findings show that the customer participation capability directly and indirectly through the absorption of customer knowledge affects the success of the new product development; however, the role of resources slack as a moderated variable is not confirmed by the relation between customer knowledge assimilation and the success of new product development. Hence, knowledge-based companies need to pay particular attention to knowledge assimilation and customer involvement capability in order to succeed in new product development. As a result, they can possess an appropriate competitive position in the marketplace. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

53 - Identifying the Factors Affecting Technological Learning in Developing Countries
Nasrin Dastranj

10.52547/jstpi.20751.16.61.62

20.1001.1.17355486.1398.16.61.4.9

Technological learning is defined as an endogenous way of generating technological capabilities in developing countries, reflecting the ability of an organization to effectively use, absorb and adapt external technologies, and develop new technologies over time, respond More

Technological learning is defined as an endogenous way of generating technological capabilities in developing countries, reflecting the ability of an organization to effectively use, absorb and adapt external technologies, and develop new technologies over time, responding to environmental changes. Three important features of technological learning include gradual technological change, international diffusion of technology and local technological endeavors. In this research, the factors influencing technological learning have been identified. According to studies, two main components, including technological capability (absorption capacity) and catch up strategy have been introduced as key components. Then, by analyzing the components, the main factors of each have been identified and modeled. Capabilities have been identified with a set of factors that are categorized as enterprise factors (including internal knowledge of employees, organizational strategies, and technological capabilities), national factors (including market conditions and competitive environment, culture and education, policies and regulations, and Technical infrastructure) and global factors (including fluidity, multiplicity of innovations, and complexity of technologies). The level of these capabilities will determine the catch up strategy. Understanding these factors helps to influence the speed and power of technological learning in firms and industries in developing countries. Considering the development of technological capabilities and absorption capacity at the level of enterprises with the aim of promoting the localization of technology, choosing the appropriate method for acquiring technology in order to encourage learning and acquiring new skills, as well as paying attention to the development of complementary capabilities will lead to the development of technological learning and the success of the technological plans in the country. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

54 - Effect of ICT on Electricity Consumption in Selected Developing Countries
mousa khoshkalam

10.52547/jstpi.20763.15.60.29

20.1001.1.17355486.1398.15.60.4.4

The advent of information and communication technology (ICT) and the use of these advances by human societies has duality effects on electrical energy consumption. First, the use of information and communication technology has led to the replacement of new technologies More

The advent of information and communication technology (ICT) and the use of these advances by human societies has duality effects on electrical energy consumption. First, the use of information and communication technology has led to the replacement of new technologies with old technologies and thus improves the efficiency of electricity consumption and, consequently, reduces their consumption (substitution effect). Second, installation, commissioning and operation of new information and communication technology equipment will increase demand for electricity (income effect). Therefore, the overall effect of information and communication technology on electricity consumption is a function of one of the effects. Accordingly, in this paper, the relationship between the use of information and communication technology and electricity consumption in a group of selected developing countries during the period of 1994-2015 was studied. For this purpose, the dynamic panel model with the PMG approach was used. The results presented in two separate models show that increasing the use of information and communication technology will increase per capita consumption of electricity energy in both short and long term in selected developing countries. Also, the results show that in selected developing countries, economic growth is the cause of electricity consumption, while there is a one-way causality relationship between information and communication technology and electricity consumption and economic growth. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

55 - Effects of Technology Spillover and Internal Research & Development (R&D) on Growth of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in Iran's Oil and Gas Sector
tayyebeh pourmandbakhshayesh Behzad Salmani mohammadmehdi bargioskooi

10.52547/jstpi.20794.16.64.72

20.1001.1.17355486.1399.16.64.2.7

The economy consists of several sections, and the performance of each sector plays a private part in the progress of the economy. The oil and gas sector, as one of the economic sectors in Iran, plays an important and undeniable role due to the main source of government More

The economy consists of several sections, and the performance of each sector plays a private part in the progress of the economy. The oil and gas sector, as one of the economic sectors in Iran, plays an important and undeniable role due to the main source of government revenue. Therefore, checking the performance of this sector can be important for the economic development of the country. The study of total factor productivity is one of the ways to examine the performance of sectors, which indicates the optimal growth of the economy of that sector. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of Technology Spillover and Research and Development (R&D) on growth of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of the oil and gas sector in Iran for the period (1394-1394). Important factors of Technology Spillover include Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and imports of capital goods and intermediates. Accumulation internal Research and Development (R&D) and human capital also are considered as internal impact factors. The results proved that foreign direct investment, and the imports of capital goods, and intermediates as important channels of technology spillover have a positive influence on growth of total factor productivity (TFP) of the oil and gas sector in Iran. The results also highlight a positive impact of human capital. By contrast, results of our estimation show a negative impact of R&D on growth of total factor productivity (TFP) of the oil and gas sector in Iran. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

56 - Investigating the Role of Internal Managers; Global Financial Crisis and Financial Constraints on the Relationship Between Financial Loss and the Intensity of Investment in Research and Development Spending in Information Technology Companies
Mohsen Hassani Ali lal bar

10.52547/jstpi.20917.17.67.51

20.1001.1.17355486.1400.17.67.3.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of internal managers, the global financial crisis and financial constraints on the relationship between financial loss and the intensity of investment in research and development spending in information technology More

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of internal managers, the global financial crisis and financial constraints on the relationship between financial loss and the intensity of investment in research and development spending in information technology (IT) companies. The realm of research is the IT companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2006 to 2018. The present research is applied in applied research. The present research method in terms of nature, is a descriptive study and this method is considered as a correlation in the research category. In the research data section, data was collected from sample companies by referring to financial statements and explanatory notes. Based on the systematic elimination method, 20 companies in the field of information technology were selected as a statistical sample. In order to analyze the data, the pre-test variance analysis, F lemmer test, Hausman test and J-B test were used. Then, multivariate regression test was used to confirm and reject the research hypotheses. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between the financial loss and the intensity of investment in R&D expenditures in the IT companies, additionally, internal managers, the global financial crisis and financial constraints affect on the relationship between the financial loss and the intensity of investment in research expenditures, and the development of IT companies; the results obtained in this study are consistent with the documentation referenced in the theoretical framework of financial research and literature. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

57 - A Comparative Study of Approaches and Implementation of Knowledge-Based Economy and Providing Suggestions for Iran
Kiarash Fartash Mohammad Reza Attarpour Amirhadi Azizi Ali Asghar Sadabadi

10.52547/jstpi.20924.17.67.10

20.1001.1.17355486.1400.17.67.5.3

In this paper, a comparative study of the history and different approaches of knowledge based economy as an influential concept in promoting national resilience and sustainable development in Iran and several selected countries (from developed and developing countries) More

In this paper, a comparative study of the history and different approaches of knowledge based economy as an influential concept in promoting national resilience and sustainable development in Iran and several selected countries (from developed and developing countries) is discussed. In this regard, while comparing policy making in different countries to establish a knowledge-based economy, we offer lessons learned for Iran to achieve a knowledge-based economy. One of the most important points drawn from the study of countries as joint focus points is the specific and sometimes unique nature of knowledge-based economy development policies in each country with regard to the industrial and technological context of each country. Accordingly, policies that have led to the development of a knowledge-based economy in a developing or developed country do not necessarily lead to similar results in other developing or developed countries, and may even have devastating economic consequences. It should be note that knowledge-based economics is not limited to advanced technologies. The main factor in achieving knowledge-based economics, in addition to advanced technologies, is focusing on innovation as the axis of enhancing productivity of economic activities and competitiveness that can span a range of activities. Include low and medium technology additionally, coordination and integration between players, especially policymakers and government players (institutions and organizations) at the highest levels is an essential requirement for the realization of a knowledge-based economy at national level. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

58 - South Korea as a suitable model for national planning in the development of blockchain technology ecosystem
Mohammad Kazem Sayadi Atefe Farazmand

10.52547/jstpi.20958.17.68.62

20.1001.1.17355486.1400.17.68.2.2

Blockchain is a distributed and intact database technology that can be used to store any data, including financial transactions, and has the ability to build trust in an unreliable environment. In the blockchain, trust is transferred from centralized intermediaries to t More

Blockchain is a distributed and intact database technology that can be used to store any data, including financial transactions, and has the ability to build trust in an unreliable environment. In the blockchain, trust is transferred from centralized intermediaries to technical infrastructure developers, leading to reliable transactions between nodes that are not necessarily trustworthy. Blockchain as a disruptive technology will affect the economy and governance in societies. Different blockchains run different governance mechanisms. All blockchains fall into a range that ranges from completely public and unlicensed blockchains such as Bitcoin to completely private and licensed blockchains. Blockchain, which is the basic technology of cryptocurrencies, will establish a new economic system by making deep changes in our communication methods over the Internet. This technology will change information security, transparency and governance. Due to the emphasis of this technology on security, trust and transparency, different sectors and different vertical businesses tend to use this technology. With the expansion of the use of this technology in different companies and countries, it is necessary to determine the country's plan to manage this technology. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the requirements for the development of the blockchain ecosystem in the country. In this article, we review the plan and strategy of South Korea as a model for the development of this technology in our country. Then, using the program of this country, we will present the requirements for developing the blockchain ecosystem in our country. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

59 - The model of the network of technology development in Web 5 based on the principles of soft technology development
Sasan Azimi

10.52547/jstpi.20983.17.68.42

20.1001.1.17355486.1400.17.68.6.6

A couple of technologies are growing extraordinarily and pervasive much faster and more widely than usual. Investigate their trend of development shows that their growth path is not only linear, but these technologies, years after their invention and birth, have a littl More

A couple of technologies are growing extraordinarily and pervasive much faster and more widely than usual. Investigate their trend of development shows that their growth path is not only linear, but these technologies, years after their invention and birth, have a little story and limited success, but suddenly jump and advance on a global scale. Examining the main reasons and bases of this growth shows that there are general rules in development while applying in the case of technology, lead to rapid development. This paper briefly discusses such technologies. The generations Web as a comprehensive and close case to the subject of this article - the network of technology development - are discussed. Understanding the pillar foundations of this launchpad and modeling it for the technology development network, provides the infrastructure for systematic acceleration in technology development. In this paper, the definition of each of these basic concepts is presented in accordance with the technology development network, and the implementation manner is mentioned. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

60 - Effect of Value co- Creation on the New Services Development: The Mediator Role of Intra-Organizational Coordination and Moderating Role of Technological Experience
masoud parsa Mostafa Ebrahim pour Azbary Mohammad Rahim Ramzanian

10.61186/jstpi.21035.19.73.45

20.1001.1.17355486.1401.19.73.2.2

Globalization and high-tech processes, through information technology, have doubled the pressure on service organizations in the private and public sectors to compete in new services. In developed economies, the service sector is responsible for most employment and valu More

Globalization and high-tech processes, through information technology, have doubled the pressure on service organizations in the private and public sectors to compete in new services. In developed economies, the service sector is responsible for most employment and value-added growth. As a result, more extensive studies on the development of new services and the factors influencing it are becoming more important. On the other hand, value creation is a new concept in business, marketing and innovation of organizations that has been considered with the aim of creating a competitive advantage to maintain the survival of organizations. Sharing value creation is actually the process of creating value through the interactions of organizations with other organizations, employees, customers and other partners in the market and today is the focus of managers of service organizations including the banking and insurance industry, which are central pillars of economies. The present study seeks to provide a model to investigate the impact of shared value creation directly and indirectly on the development of new services, the impact of internal coordination as a mediating factor between the two variables of value creation and new service development as well as technology experience variable as moderator of internal coordination in 41 branches. It has been done from the central branches of banks and insurance companies of Boroujerd city. This research is of an applied type with a survey strategy. Data were collected through a questionnaire and also structural equation method was used to analyze the data. The results show that the creation of shared value has both a direct and indirect positive and significant effect on the development of new services. Also, the mediating role of intra-organizational coordination and moderation of technology experience was confirmed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

61 - The explanation of effect of attending tech events on creation and development of startups in North Khorasan province
Arezou Haghshenas Sasan Rajablou Mehdi Haresabadi امیر امانی

10.52547/jstpi.31875.18.72.21

20.1001.1.17355486.1401.18.72.4.9

With increasing the attentions to knowledge-based economy, quality and quantity of different tech events, including Startup weekends, EleComps and Finups, has improved in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of attending such events in creation and More

With increasing the attentions to knowledge-based economy, quality and quantity of different tech events, including Startup weekends, EleComps and Finups, has improved in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of attending such events in creation and development of startups. To do so, performing a qualitative research and using semi-structured interviews on 8 companies which were based in science and technology park of North Khoarsan province, 5 major themes were obtained. The most important factors determining the efficacy of the events were found to be the quality of the event, follow ups by the organizers, motivation of the attendants, developmental communication and modifying the primary core. In conclusion this study showed that the quality tech events can help create and develop the startups. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

62 - Providing a model of indigenous R&D activities in new product development (Case Study:dairy industry)
seyed rohollah faraji hossein adab jalal haghighat monfared

10.52547/jstpi.34024.18.72.40

20.1001.1.17355486.1401.18.72.6.1

The present era is the era of knowledge and technology. In such circumstances, companies will be successful in using research and development activities in technical and economic fields and recognizing the existing local conditions to develop a strategy for the developm More

The present era is the era of knowledge and technology. In such circumstances, companies will be successful in using research and development activities in technical and economic fields and recognizing the existing local conditions to develop a strategy for the development and design of new products.The purpose of this research is to present a conceptual model of indigenous research and development activities in new product development in the dairy industry. This research is applied in terms of results and is an exploratory research in terms of purpose. The qualitative part approach is based on the Grand Theory strategy. The data collection tool is a semi-structured interview with 18 managers and experts in the field of research and development in the dairy industry. Sampling was performed in a purposeful and judgmental manner. The results are about causal conditions, internal and external Organizational trends.The main phenomenon is the indigenous of research and development activities. Interfering factors included organizational capabilities, legal factors, management potential and attitudes, and changes in the public environment. Underlying factors are the structure of the idea and the product, the market structure of the industry, the consumer approach, the institutional basis of research and development. Strategies include research and development knowledge mechanisms, training and human resources,financial resources, risk management, competitive and strategic mechanisms, coping with institutional weakness and customer focus. Implications also include improving the company's financial indicators, offering new products and services, improving position and productivity,exporting and upgrading indigenous knowledge and skills. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

63 - A Development for Sustainable Business Model of Ecolodges
Hamid Hashemi mahmoud ziaei Vajhollah ghorbanizadeh mahmoud jomehpour

10.52547/jstpi.36888.18.72.1

20.1001.1.17355486.1401.18.72.7.2

Considering the increasing development of ecolodges in Iran and also their role in the development of sustainable tourism, it seems that a comprehensive and successful business model for this socio-economic institution has not yet been introduced. The purpose of this st More

Considering the increasing development of ecolodges in Iran and also their role in the development of sustainable tourism, it seems that a comprehensive and successful business model for this socio-economic institution has not yet been introduced. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the sustainability of ecolodges and propose a sustainable business model based on the knowledge of experts and managers of these businesses. The research method of this paper is qualitative and thematic analysis has been used with deductive approach and descriptive-inferential method. The required data has been provided through the analysis of semi-structured experts interviews. The research community has been the managers of successful ecolodges and knowledgeable university professors and experts in the field of entrepreneurship and tourism in the country. Purposeful judgmental sampling method was used to select the research sample and the interviews were continued until theoretical saturation. The research tools were semi-structured in-depth interviews as well as the results based on the themes obtained from the content analysis of scientific texts. The findings show that according to the proposed sustainable business model, ecolodges need to be integrated and important for all three dimensions of economy, community and environment in order to have long-term sustainability and survival. The results of this study show that the sustainability of new businesses and ecolodges depends on adopting a diverse income portfolio and trying to achieve benefits in three dimensions: economic, socio-cultural, environmental, in other words, attention to the benefits, people and land. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

64 - Identifying and prioritizing the drivers of entrepreneurship Devalopment in the Sports Industry using the OPA technique
Ali Alvandi maryam rahmaty sayyad emad hosseini

Sports entrepreneurship is one of the types of entrepreneurship that has many direct and indirect economic effects on society. Over the past few years, the world of sports has witnessed changes in sports economic policies, which has highlighted the need for the sports i More

Sports entrepreneurship is one of the types of entrepreneurship that has many direct and indirect economic effects on society. Over the past few years, the world of sports has witnessed changes in sports economic policies, which has highlighted the need for the sports industry to reduce its dependence on government budgets. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of Identifying and prioritizing the drivers of sports entrepreneurship development of sports entrepreneurship in professional clubs of the Premier Football League. This study is a mixed exploratory research that has been presented in the qualitative section using the Theme analysis technique and based on semi-structured interviews with 20 experts; in the quantitative part, then in the quantitative part, in order to prioritize the components of sports entrepreneurship, OPA technique and Lingo software were used. Accordingly, "advertising through the media, online sales, private stadiums, construction of sports complexes, talent development and grassroots teams, construction of non-sports complexes, fans, deputize, making a football documentary; and veterans" were ranked one to ten, respectively. Findings of this study can help the managers of Iranian Premier League clubs to solve the economic problems of the clubs by providing the ground for entrepreneurship development among the clubs of the Premier Football League, in addition to providing various solutions for creating entrepreneurship. Manuscript profile

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